Update branches/wip/1.0-VK_MESAX_external

Built from commit eb5f501b9547fc823a16d28955816a6e727a11c5 of 'refs/heads/wip/1.0-VK_MESAX_external'.
author: Chad Versace <chadversary@chromium.org> 2017-03-06 11:12:41 -0800
committer: Chad Versace <chadversary@chromium.org> 2017-03-06 11:21:23 -0800
commit: 7b3444054145da63a6471d72509538d27d9b0734 (patch)
tree: 044ad764d2b87539f6ff2e3a89c2f3072f5fa1ab
parent: b4609e747bd46a70b9714992f898b4f1c3a306ea (diff)
download: vulkan-spec-7b3444054145da63a6471d72509538d27d9b0734.zip
vulkan-spec-7b3444054145da63a6471d72509538d27d9b0734.tar.xz
89 files changed, 128836 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/branches/wip/1.0-VK_MESAX_external/1.0-extensions/html/vkspec.html b/branches/wip/1.0-VK_MESAX_external/1.0-extensions/html/vkspec.html
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+++ b/branches/wip/1.0-VK_MESAX_external/1.0-extensions/html/vkspec.html
@@ -0,0 +1,106584 @@
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+<body class="book toc2 toc-left" style="max-width: 100;">
+<div id="header">
+<h1>Vulkan<sup>&#174;</sup> 1.0.42 - A Specification (with all published extensions)</h1>
+<div class="details">
+<span id="author" class="author">The Khronos Vulkan Working Group</span><br>
+<span id="revnumber">version 1.0.42,</span>
+<span id="revdate">Mon, 06 Mar 2017 19:08:08 +0000</span>
+<br><span id="revremark">from git branch: wip/1.0-VK_MESAX_external commit: eb5f501b9547fc823a16d28955816a6e727a11c5</span>
+</div>
+<div id="toc" class="toc2">
+<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
+<ul class="sectlevel1">
+<li><a href="#introduction">1. Introduction</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#introduction-whatis">1.1. What is the Vulkan Graphics System?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#introduction-bugs">1.2. Filing Bug Reports</a></li>
+<li><a href="#introduction-terminology">1.3. Terminology</a></li>
+<li><a href="#introduction-normative">1.4. Normative References</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals">2. Fundamentals</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-architecture-model">2.1. Architecture Model</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-execmodel">2.2. Execution Model</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-objectmodel-overview">2.3. Object Model</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-commandsyntax">2.4. Command Syntax and Duration</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-threadingbehavior">2.5. Threading Behavior</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-errors">2.6. Errors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-numerics">2.7. Numeric Representation and Computation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-fixedconv">2.8. Fixed-Point Data Conversions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-versionnum">2.9. API Version Numbers and Semantics</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fundamentals-common-objects">2.10. Common Object Types</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#initialization">3. Initialization</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#initialization-functionpointers">3.1. Command Function Pointers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#initialization-instances">3.2. Instances</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#devsandqueues">4. Devices and Queues</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#devsandqueues-physical-device-enumeration">4.1. Physical Devices</a></li>
+<li><a href="#devsandqueues-devices">4.2. Devices</a></li>
+<li><a href="#devsandqueues-queues">4.3. Queues</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#commandbuffers">5. Command Buffers</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#commandbuffers-pools">5.1. Command Pools</a></li>
+<li><a href="#commandbuffer-allocation">5.2. Command Buffer Allocation and Management</a></li>
+<li><a href="#commandbuffers-recording">5.3. Command Buffer Recording</a></li>
+<li><a href="#commandbuffers-submission">5.4. Command Buffer Submission</a></li>
+<li><a href="#commandbuffers-submission-progress">5.5. Queue Forward Progress</a></li>
+<li><a href="#commandbuffers-secondary">5.6. Secondary Command Buffer Execution</a></li>
+<li><a href="#commandbuffers-devicemask">5.7. Command Buffer Device Mask</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization">6. Synchronization and Cache Control</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#synchronization-dependencies">6.1. Execution and Memory Dependencies</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization-implicit">6.2. Implicit Synchronization Guarantees</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization-fences">6.3. Fences</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization-semaphores">6.4. Semaphores</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization-events">6.5. Events</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization-pipeline-barriers">6.6. Pipeline Barriers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization-memory-barriers">6.7. Memory Barriers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization-wait-idle">6.8. Wait Idle Operations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization-submission-host-writes">6.9. Host Write Ordering Guarantees</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization-device-group">6.10. Synchronization and Multiple Physical Devices</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#renderpass">7. Render Pass</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#renderpass-creation">7.1. Render Pass Creation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#renderpass-compatibility">7.2. Render Pass Compatibility</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_framebuffers">7.3. Framebuffers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#renderpass-commands">7.4. Render Pass Commands</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#shaders">8. Shaders</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#shader-modules">8.1. Shader Modules</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-execution">8.2. Shader Execution</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-execution-memory-ordering">8.3. Shader Memory Access Ordering</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-inputs">8.4. Shader Inputs and Outputs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-vertex">8.5. Vertex Shaders</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-tessellation-control">8.6. Tessellation Control Shaders</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-tessellation-evaluation">8.7. Tessellation Evaluation Shaders</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-geometry">8.8. Geometry Shaders</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-fragment">8.9. Fragment Shaders</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-compute">8.10. Compute Shaders</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-interpolation-decorations">8.11. Interpolation Decorations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-staticuse">8.12. Static Use</a></li>
+<li><a href="#shaders-invocationgroups">8.13. Invocation and Derivative Groups</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#pipelines">9. Pipelines</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#pipelines-compute">9.1. Compute Pipelines</a></li>
+<li><a href="#pipelines-graphics">9.2. Graphics Pipelines</a></li>
+<li><a href="#pipelines-destruction">9.3. Pipeline destruction</a></li>
+<li><a href="#pipelines-multiple">9.4. Multiple Pipeline Creation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#pipelines-pipeline-derivatives">9.5. Pipeline Derivatives</a></li>
+<li><a href="#pipelines-cache">9.6. Pipeline Cache</a></li>
+<li><a href="#pipelines-specialization-constants">9.7. Specialization Constants</a></li>
+<li><a href="#pipelines-binding">9.8. Pipeline Binding</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#memory">10. Memory Allocation</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#memory-host">10.1. Host Memory</a></li>
+<li><a href="#memory-device">10.2. Device Memory</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#resources">11. Resource Creation</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#resources-buffers">11.1. Buffers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#resources-buffer-views">11.2. Buffer Views</a></li>
+<li><a href="#resources-images">11.3. Images</a></li>
+<li><a href="#resources-image-layouts">11.4. Image Layouts</a></li>
+<li><a href="#resources-image-views">11.5. Image Views</a></li>
+<li><a href="#resources-association">11.6. Resource Memory Association</a></li>
+<li><a href="#resources-sharing">11.7. Resource Sharing Mode</a></li>
+<li><a href="#resources-memory-aliasing">11.8. Memory Aliasing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#samplers">12. Samplers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#descriptorsets">13. Resource Descriptors</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#descriptorsets-types">13.1. Descriptor Types</a></li>
+<li><a href="#descriptorsets-sets">13.2. Descriptor Sets</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#interfaces">14. Shader Interfaces</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#interfaces-iointerfaces">14.1. Shader Input and Output Interfaces</a></li>
+<li><a href="#interfaces-vertexinput">14.2. Vertex Input Interface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#interfaces-fragmentoutput">14.3. Fragment Output Interface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#interfaces-inputattachment">14.4. Fragment Input Attachment Interface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#interfaces-resources">14.5. Shader Resource Interface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#interfaces-builtin-variables">14.6. Built-In Variables</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#textures">15. Image Operations</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#_image_operations_overview">15.1. Image Operations Overview</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_conversion_formulas">15.2. Conversion Formulas</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_texel_input_operations">15.3. Texel Input Operations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_texel_output_operations">15.4. Texel Output Operations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_derivative_operations">15.5. Derivative Operations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#textures-normalized-operations">15.6. Normalized Texel Coordinate Operations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_unnormalized_texel_coordinate_operations">15.7. Unnormalized Texel Coordinate Operations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#textures-sample-operations">15.8. Image Sample Operations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#textures-instructions">15.9. Image Operation Steps</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#queries">16. Queries</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#queries-pools">16.1. Query Pools</a></li>
+<li><a href="#queries-operation">16.2. Query Operation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#queries-occlusion">16.3. Occlusion Queries</a></li>
+<li><a href="#queries-pipestats">16.4. Pipeline Statistics Queries</a></li>
+<li><a href="#queries-timestamps">16.5. Timestamp Queries</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#clears">17. Clear Commands</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#clears-outside">17.1. Clearing Images Outside A Render Pass Instance</a></li>
+<li><a href="#clears-inside">17.2. Clearing Images Inside A Render Pass Instance</a></li>
+<li><a href="#clears-values">17.3. Clear Values</a></li>
+<li><a href="#clears-filling-buffers">17.4. Filling Buffers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#clears-updating-buffers">17.5. Updating Buffers</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#copies">18. Copy Commands</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#_common_operation">18.1. Common Operation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#copies-buffers">18.2. Copying Data Between Buffers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#copies-images">18.3. Copying Data Between Images</a></li>
+<li><a href="#copies-buffers-images">18.4. Copying Data Between Buffers and Images</a></li>
+<li><a href="#copies-imagescaling">18.5. Image Copies with Scaling</a></li>
+<li><a href="#copies-resolve">18.6. Resolving Multisample Images</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#drawing">19. Drawing Commands</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#drawing-primitive-topologies">19.1. Primitive Topologies</a></li>
+<li><a href="#drawing-primitive-order">19.2. Primitive Order</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_programmable_primitive_shading">19.3. Programmable Primitive Shading</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#fxvertex">20. Fixed-Function Vertex Processing</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#fxvertex-attrib">20.1. Vertex Attributes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fxvertex-input">20.2. Vertex Input Description</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fxvertex-example">20.3. Example</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#tessellation">21. Tessellation</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#_tessellator">21.1. Tessellator</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_tessellator_patch_discard">21.2. Tessellator Patch Discard</a></li>
+<li><a href="#tessellation-tessellator-spacing">21.3. Tessellator Spacing</a></li>
+<li><a href="#tessellation-primitive-order">21.4. Tessellation Primitive Ordering</a></li>
+<li><a href="#tessellation-triangle-tessellation">21.5. Triangle Tessellation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#tessellation-quad-tessellation">21.6. Quad Tessellation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#tessellation-isoline-tessellation">21.7. Isoline Tessellation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_tessellation_pipeline_state">21.8. Tessellation Pipeline State</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#geometry">22. Geometry Shading</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#geometry-input">22.1. Geometry Shader Input Primitives</a></li>
+<li><a href="#geometry-output">22.2. Geometry Shader Output Primitives</a></li>
+<li><a href="#geometry-invocations">22.3. Multiple Invocations of Geometry Shaders</a></li>
+<li><a href="#geometry-ordering">22.4. Geometry Shader Primitive Ordering</a></li>
+<li><a href="#geometry-passthrough">22.5. Geometry Shader Passthrough</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#vertexpostproc">23. Fixed-Function Vertex Post-Processing</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#vertexpostproc-viewport-swizzle">23.1. Viewport Swizzle</a></li>
+<li><a href="#vertexpostproc-flatshading">23.2. Flat Shading</a></li>
+<li><a href="#vertexpostproc-clipping">23.3. Primitive Clipping</a></li>
+<li><a href="#vertexpostproc-clipping-shader-outputs">23.4. Clipping Shader Outputs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#vertexpostproc-viewportwscaling">23.5. Controlling Viewport W Scaling</a></li>
+<li><a href="#vertexpostproc-coord-transform">23.6. Coordinate Transformations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#vertexpostproc-viewport">23.7. Controlling the Viewport</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#primsrast">24. Rasterization</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#primsrast-discard">24.1. Discarding Primitives Before Rasterization</a></li>
+<li><a href="#primrast-order">24.2. Rasterization Order</a></li>
+<li><a href="#primsrast-multisampling">24.3. Multisampling</a></li>
+<li><a href="#primsrast-sampleshading">24.4. Sample Shading</a></li>
+<li><a href="#primsrast-points">24.5. Points</a></li>
+<li><a href="#primsrast-lines">24.6. Line Segments</a></li>
+<li><a href="#primsrast-polygons">24.7. Polygons</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#fragops">25. Fragment Operations</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#fragops-early">25.1. Early Per-Fragment Tests</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-discard-rectangles">25.2. Discard Rectangles Test</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-scissor">25.3. Scissor Test</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-samplemask">25.4. Sample Mask</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-early-mode">25.5. Early Fragment Test Mode</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-late">25.6. Late Per-Fragment Tests</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-covg">25.7. Multisample Coverage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-ds-state">25.8. Depth and Stencil Operations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-dbt">25.9. Depth Bounds Test</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-stencil">25.10. Stencil Test</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-depth">25.11. Depth Test</a></li>
+<li><a href="#fragops-samplecount">25.12. Sample Counting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#framebuffer">26. The Framebuffer</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#framebuffer-blending">26.1. Blending</a></li>
+<li><a href="#framebuffer-logicop">26.2. Logical Operations</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#dispatch">27. Dispatching Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#device-generated-commands">28. Device-Generated Commands</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#_features_and_limitations">28.1. Features and Limitations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_binding_object_table">28.2. Binding Object Table</a></li>
+<li><a href="#indirectmdslayout">28.3. Indirect Commands Layout</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_indirect_commands_generation">28.4. Indirect Commands Generation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#sparsememory">29. Sparse Resources</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#sparsememory-sparseresourcefeatures">29.1. Sparse Resource Features</a></li>
+<li><a href="#sparsememory-fully-resident">29.2. Sparse Buffers and Fully-Resident Images</a></li>
+<li><a href="#sparsememory-partially-resident-buffers">29.3. Sparse Partially-Resident Buffers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#sparsememory-partially-resident-images">29.4. Sparse Partially-Resident Images</a></li>
+<li><a href="#sparsememory-sparse-memory-aliasing">29.5. Sparse Memory Aliasing</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_sparse_resource_implementation_guidelines">29.6. Sparse Resource Implementation Guidelines</a></li>
+<li><a href="#sparsememory-resourceapi">29.7. Sparse Resource API</a></li>
+<li><a href="#sparsememory-examples">29.8. Examples</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#wsi">30. Window System Integration (WSI)</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#_wsi_platform">30.1. WSI Platform</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_wsi_surface">30.2. WSI Surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#display">30.3. Presenting Directly to Display Devices</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_querying_for_wsi_support">30.4. Querying for WSI Support</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_surface_queries">30.5. Surface Queries</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_device_group_queries">30.6. Device Group Queries</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_wsi_swapchain">30.7. WSI Swapchain</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#extended-functionality">31. Extended Functionality</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#extended-functionality-layers">31.1. Layers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#extended-functionality-extensions">31.2. Extensions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#features">32. Features, Limits, and Formats</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#features-features">32.1. Features</a></li>
+<li><a href="#features-limits">32.2. Limits</a></li>
+<li><a href="#features-formats">32.3. Formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_additional_image_capabilities">32.4. Additional Image Capabilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_additional_buffer_capabilities">32.5. Additional Buffer Capabilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_optional_semaphore_capabilities">32.6. Optional Semaphore Capabilities</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#_debugging">33. Debugging</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#debugging-debug-markers">33.1. Debug Markers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#debugging-debug-report-callbacks">33.2. Debug Report Callbacks</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#spirvenv">Appendix A: Vulkan Environment for SPIR-V</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#_required_versions_and_formats">Required Versions and Formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#spirvenv-capabilities">Capabilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#spirvenv-module-validation">Validation Rules within a Module</a></li>
+<li><a href="#spirvenv-precision-operation">Precision and Operation of SPIR-V Instructions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#_compressed_image_formats">Appendix B: Compressed Image Formats</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#appendix-compressedtex-bc">Block-Compressed Image Formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#appendix-compressedtex-etc2">ETC Compressed Image Formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#appendix-compressedtex-astc">ASTC Compressed Image Formats</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#extensions">Appendix C: Layers &amp; Extensions</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_android_surface">VK_KHR_android_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_descriptor_update_template">VK_KHR_descriptor_update_template</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_display">VK_KHR_display</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_display_swapchain">VK_KHR_display_swapchain</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2">VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_maintenance1">VK_KHR_maintenance1</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_mir_surface">VK_KHR_mir_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_push_descriptor">VK_KHR_push_descriptor</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_sampler_mirror_clamp_to_edge">VK_KHR_sampler_mirror_clamp_to_edge</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_shader_draw_parameters">VK_KHR_shader_draw_parameters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_surface">VK_KHR_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_swapchain">VK_KHR_swapchain</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_wayland_surface">VK_KHR_wayland_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_win32_surface">VK_KHR_win32_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_xcb_surface">VK_KHR_xcb_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHR_xlib_surface">VK_KHR_xlib_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_device_group">VK_KHX_device_group</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_device_group_creation">VK_KHX_device_group_creation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_external_memory_capabilities">VK_KHX_external_memory_capabilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_external_memory">VK_KHX_external_memory</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_external_memory_win32">VK_KHX_external_memory_win32</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_external_memory_fd">VK_KHX_external_memory_fd</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_win32_keyed_mutex">VK_KHX_win32_keyed_mutex</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_external_semaphore_capabilities">VK_KHX_external_semaphore_capabilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_external_semaphore">VK_KHX_external_semaphore</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_external_semaphore_win32">VK_KHX_external_semaphore_win32</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_external_semaphore_fd">VK_KHX_external_semaphore_fd</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_KHX_multiview">VK_KHX_multiview</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_debug_marker">VK_EXT_debug_marker</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_debug_report">VK_EXT_debug_report</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_validation_flags">VK_EXT_validation_flags</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_direct_mode_display">VK_EXT_direct_mode_display</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_acquire_xlib_display">VK_EXT_acquire_xlib_display</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_discard_rectangles">VK_EXT_discard_rectangles</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_display_surface_counter">VK_EXT_display_surface_counter</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_display_control">VK_EXT_display_control</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_get_image_properties">VK_EXT_get_image_properties</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_shader_subgroup_ballot">VK_EXT_shader_subgroup_ballot</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_EXT_shader_subgroup_vote">VK_EXT_shader_subgroup_vote</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_AMD_draw_indirect_count">VK_AMD_draw_indirect_count</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_AMD_gcn_shader">VK_AMD_gcn_shader</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_AMD_gpu_shader_half_float">VK_AMD_gpu_shader_half_float</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_AMD_rasterization_order">VK_AMD_rasterization_order</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_AMD_shader_ballot">VK_AMD_shader_ballot</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter">VK_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_AMD_shader_trinary_minmax">VK_AMD_shader_trinary_minmax</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_AMD_negative_viewport_height">VK_AMD_negative_viewport_height</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_IMG_filter_cubic">VK_IMG_filter_cubic</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_MVK_ios_surface">VK_MVK_ios_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_MVK_macos_surface">VK_MVK_macos_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NN_vi_surface">VK_NN_vi_surface</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_MESAX_external_memory_dma_buf">VK_MESAX_external_memory_dma_buf</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_MESAX_external_image_dma_buf">VK_MESAX_external_image_dma_buf</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_clip_space_w_scaling">VK_NV_clip_space_w_scaling</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_dedicated_allocation">VK_NV_dedicated_allocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_external_memory_capabilities">VK_NV_external_memory_capabilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_external_memory">VK_NV_external_memory</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_external_memory_win32">VK_NV_external_memory_win32</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_geometry_shader_passthrough">VK_NV_geometry_shader_passthrough</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_glsl_shader">VK_NV_glsl_shader</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_viewport_array2">VK_NV_viewport_array2</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_viewport_swizzle">VK_NV_viewport_swizzle</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_win32_keyed_mutex">VK_NV_win32_keyed_mutex</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NV_sample_mask_override_coverage">VK_NV_sample_mask_override_coverage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NVX_device_generated_commands">VK_NVX_device_generated_commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VK_NVX_multiview_per_view_attributes">VK_NVX_multiview_per_view_attributes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#boilerplate">Appendix D: API Boilerplate</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#boilerplate-sType">Structure Types</a></li>
+<li><a href="#boilerplate-flags">Flag Types</a></li>
+<li><a href="#boilerplate-macros">Macro Definitions in vulkan.h</a></li>
+<li><a href="#boilerplate-platform-macros">Platform-Specific Macro Definitions in vk_platform.h</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#invariance">Appendix E: Invariance</a>
+<ul class="sectlevel2">
+<li><a href="#_repeatability">Repeatability</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_multi_pass_algorithms">Multi-pass Algorithms</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_invariance_rules">Invariance Rules</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_tessellation_invariance">Tessellation Invariance</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#_glossary">Glossary</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_common_abbreviations">Common Abbreviations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_prefixes">Prefixes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#credits">Appendix F: Credits</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="content">
+<div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Copyright &#169; 2014-2017 The Khronos Group Inc. All Rights Reserved.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This specification is protected by copyright laws and contains material proprietary
+to the Khronos Group, Inc. It or any components may not be reproduced, republished,
+distributed, transmitted, displayed, broadcast or otherwise exploited in any
+manner without the express prior written permission of Khronos Group. You may
+use this specification for implementing the functionality therein, without altering or
+removing any trademark, copyright or other notice from the specification, but the
+receipt or possession of this specification does not convey any rights to reproduce,
+disclose, or distribute its contents, or to manufacture, use, or sell anything that it
+may describe, in whole or in part.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Khronos Group grants express permission to any current Promoter, Contributor
+or Adopter member of Khronos to copy and redistribute UNMODIFIED versions
+of this specification in any fashion, provided that NO CHARGE is made for the
+specification and the latest available update of the specification for any version
+of the API is used whenever possible. Such distributed specification may be reformatted
+AS LONG AS the contents of the specification are not changed in any
+way. The specification may be incorporated into a product that is sold as long as
+such product includes significant independent work developed by the seller. A link
+to the current version of this specification on the Khronos Group web-site should
+be included whenever possible with specification distributions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This specification has been created under the Khronos Intellectual Property Rights Policy,
+which is Attachment A of the Khronos Group Membership Agreement available at
+www.khronos.org/files/member_agreement.pdf. This specification contains substantially
+unmodified functionality from, and is a successor to, Khronos specifications including
+OpenGL, OpenGL ES and OpenCL.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Some parts of this Specification are purely informative and do not define requirements
+necessary for compliance and so are outside the Scope of this Specification.  These
+parts of the Specification are marked by the &#8220;Note&#8221; icon or designated &#8220;Informative&#8221;.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Where this Specification uses terms, defined in the Glossary or otherwise, that refer to
+enabling technologies that are not expressly set forth as being required for compliance,
+those enabling technologies are outside the Scope of this Specification.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Where this Specification uses the terms &#8220;may&#8221;, or &#8220;optional&#8221;, such features or
+behaviors do not define requirements necessary for compliance and so are outside the
+Scope of this Specification.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Where this Specification uses the terms &#8220;not required&#8221;, such features or
+behaviors may be omitted from certain implementations, but when they are included, they
+define requirements necessary for compliance and so are INCLUDED in the Scope of this
+Specification.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Where this Specification includes normative references to external documents, the
+specifically identified sections and functionality of those external documents are in
+Scope. Requirements defined by external documents not created by Khronos may contain
+contributions from non-members of Khronos not covered by the Khronos Intellectual
+Property Rights Policy.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Khronos Group makes no, and expressly disclaims any, representations or warranties,
+express or implied, regarding this specification, including, without limitation,
+any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose
+or non-infringement of any intellectual property. Khronos Group makes no, and
+expressly disclaims any, warranties, express or implied, regarding the correctness,
+accuracy, completeness, timeliness, and reliability of the specification. Under no
+circumstances will the Khronos Group, or any of its Promoters, Contributors or
+Members or their respective partners, officers, directors, employees, agents or
+representatives be liable for any damages, whether direct, indirect, special or
+consequential damages for lost revenues, lost profits, or otherwise, arising from or in
+connection with these materials.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Khronos is a trademark, and Vulkan is a registered trademark of The Khronos
+Group Inc. OpenCL is a trademark of Apple Inc. and OpenGL is a registered
+trademark of Silicon Graphics International, both used under license by
+Khronos.</p>
+</div>
+<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
+<!-- toc disabled -->
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="introduction">1. Introduction</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This chapter is Informative except for the sections on Terminology and
+Normative References.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This document, referred to as the &#8220;Vulkan Specification&#8221; or just the
+&#8220;Specification&#8221; hereafter, describes the Vulkan graphics system: what it
+is, how it acts, and what is required to implement it.
+We assume that the reader has at least a rudimentary understanding of
+computer graphics.
+This means familiarity with the essentials of computer graphics algorithms
+and terminology as well as with modern GPUs (Graphic Processing Units).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The canonical version of the Specification is available in the official
+Vulkan Registry, located at URL</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="http://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/" class="bare">http://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="introduction-whatis">1.1. What is the Vulkan Graphics System?</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Vulkan is an API (Application Programming Interface) for graphics and
+compute hardware.
+The API consists of many commands that allow a programmer to specify shader
+programs, compute kernels, objects, and operations involved in producing
+high-quality graphical images, specifically color images of
+three-dimensional objects.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="introduction-programmer">1.1.1. The Programmer&#8217;s View of Vulkan</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To the programmer, Vulkan is a set of commands that allow the specification
+of <em>shader programs</em> or <em>shaders</em>, <em>kernels</em>, data used by kernels or
+shaders, and state controlling aspects of Vulkan outside of shader
+execution.
+Typically, the data represents geometry in two or three dimensions and
+texture images, while the shaders and kernels control the processing of the
+data, rasterization of the geometry, and the lighting and shading of
+<em>fragments</em> generated by rasterization, resulting in the rendering of
+geometry into the framebuffer.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A typical Vulkan program begins with platform-specific calls to open a
+window or otherwise prepare a display device onto which the program will
+draw.
+Then, calls are made to open <em>queues</em> to which <em>command buffers</em> are
+submitted.
+The command buffers contain lists of commands which will be executed by the
+underlying hardware.
+The application <strong class="purple">can</strong> also allocate device memory, associate <em>resources</em> with
+memory and refer to these resources from within command buffers.
+Drawing commands cause application-defined shader programs to be invoked,
+which <strong class="purple">can</strong> then consume the data in the resources and use them to produce
+graphical images.
+To display the resulting images, further platform-specific commands are made
+to transfer the resulting image to a display device or window.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="introduction-implementor">1.1.2. The Implementor&#8217;s View of Vulkan</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To the implementor, Vulkan is a set of commands that allow the construction
+and submission of command buffers to a device.
+Modern devices accelerate virtually all Vulkan operations, storing data and
+framebuffer images in high-speed memory and executing shaders in dedicated
+GPU processing resources.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The implementor&#8217;s task is to provide a software library on the host which
+implements the Vulkan API, while mapping the work for each Vulkan command to
+the graphics hardware as appropriate for the capabilities of the device.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="introduction-ourview">1.1.3. Our View of Vulkan</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We view Vulkan as a pipeline having some programmable stages and some
+state-driven fixed-function stages that are invoked by a set of specific
+drawing operations.
+We expect this model to result in a specification that satisfies the needs
+of both programmers and implementors.
+It does not, however, necessarily provide a model for implementation.
+An implementation <strong class="purple">must</strong> produce results conforming to those produced by the
+specified methods, but <strong class="purple">may</strong> carry out particular computations in ways that
+are more efficient than the one specified.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="introduction-bugs">1.2. Filing Bug Reports</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Issues with and bug reports on the Vulkan Specification and the API Registry
+<strong class="purple">can</strong> be filed in the Khronos Vulkan GitHub repository, located at URL</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="http://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs" class="bare">http://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Please tag issues with appropriate labels, such as &#8220;Specification&#8221;, &#8220;Ref
+Pages&#8221; or &#8220;Registry&#8221;, to help us triage and assign them appropriately.
+Unfortunately, GitHub does not currently let users who do not have write
+access to the repository set GitHub labels on issues.
+In the meantime, they <strong class="purple">can</strong> be added to the title line of the issue set in
+brackets, e.g. ''[Specification]''.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="introduction-terminology">1.3. Terminology</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The key words <strong>must</strong>, <strong>required</strong>, <strong>shall</strong>, <strong>should</strong>, <strong>recommend</strong>, <strong>may</strong>, and
+<strong>optional</strong> in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt" class="bare">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>must</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>When used alone, this word, or the term <strong>required</strong>, means that the
+definition is an absolute requirement of the specification.
+When followed by <strong>not</strong> (&#8220;<strong class="purple">must</strong> not&#8221; ), the phrase means that the
+definition is an absolute prohibition of the specification.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>should</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>When used alone, this word, or the adjective <strong>recommended</strong>, means that there
+may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a particular
+item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed
+before choosing a different course.
+When followed by <strong>not</strong> (&#8220;<strong class="purple">should</strong> not&#8221;), the phrase means that there may
+exist valid reasons in particular circumstances when the particular behavior
+is acceptable or even useful, but the full implications <strong class="purple">should</strong> be
+understood and the case carefully weighed before implementing any behavior
+described with this label.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>may</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>This word, or the adjective <strong>optional</strong>, means that an item is truly
+optional.
+One vendor may choose to include the item because a particular marketplace
+requires it or because the vendor feels that it enhances the product while
+another vendor may omit the same item.
+An implementation which does not include a particular option must be
+prepared to interoperate with another implementation which does include the
+option, though perhaps with reduced functionality.
+In the same vein an implementation which does include a particular option
+must be prepared to interoperate with another implementation which does not
+include the option (except, of course, for the feature the option provides).</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The additional terms <strong>can</strong> and <strong>cannot</strong> are to be interpreted as follows:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>can</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>This word means that the particular behavior described is a valid choice for
+an application, and is never used to refer to implementation behavior.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><strong>cannot</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>This word means that the particular behavior described is not achievable by
+an application.
+For example, an entry point does not exist, or shader code is not capable of
+expressing an operation.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>There is an important distinction between <strong>cannot</strong> and <strong>must not</strong>, as used
+in this Specification.
+<strong>Cannot</strong> means something the application literally is unable to express or
+accomplish through the API, while <strong>must not</strong> means something that the
+application is capable of expressing through the API, but that the
+consequences of doing so are undefined and potentially unrecoverable for the
+implementation.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">editing-note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>TODO (Jon) - We might need to augment the RFC 2119 definition of <strong>must not</strong>
+to include some of the previous note, since at present it is defined solely
+in terms of implementation behavior.
+See Gitlab issue #9.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="introduction-normative">1.4. Normative References</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Normative references are references to external documents or resources to
+which implementers of Vulkan <strong class="purple">must</strong> comply.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="ieee-754" class="paragraph">
+<p><em>IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic</em>, IEEE Std 754-2008,
+<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4610935" class="bare">http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4610935</a>, August, 2008.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a id="data-format"></a> A.
+Garrard, <em>Khronos Data Format Specification, version 1.1</em>,
+<a href="https://www.khronos.org/registry/dataformat/specs/1.1/dataformat.1.1.html" class="bare">https://www.khronos.org/registry/dataformat/specs/1.1/dataformat.1.1.html</a>,
+June, 2016.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a id="spirv-extended"></a> J.
+Kessenich, <em>SPIR-V Extended Instructions for GLSL, Version 1.00</em>,
+<a href="https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/" class="bare">https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/</a>, February 10, 2016.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a id="spirv-spec"></a> J.
+Kessenich and B.
+Ouriel, <em>The Khronos SPIR-V Specification, Version 1.00</em>,
+<a href="https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/" class="bare">https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/</a>, February 10, 2016.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a id="vulkan-styleguide"></a> J.
+Leech and T.
+Hector, <em>Vulkan Documentation and Extensions: Procedures and Conventions</em>,
+<a href="https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/" class="bare">https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/</a>, July 11, 2016</p>
+</div>
+<div id="LoaderAndValidationLayers" class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Vulkan Loader Specification and Architecture Overview</em>,
+<a href="https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-LoaderAndValidationLayers/blob/master/loader/LoaderAndLayerInterface.md" class="bare">https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-LoaderAndValidationLayers/blob/master/loader/LoaderAndLayerInterface.md</a>,
+August, 2016.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="fundamentals">2. Fundamentals</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This chapter introduces fundamental concepts including the Vulkan
+architecture and execution model, API syntax, queues, pipeline
+configurations, numeric representation, state and state queries, and the
+different types of objects and shaders.
+It provides a framework for interpreting more specific descriptions of
+commands and behavior in the remainder of the Specification.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-architecture-model">2.1. Architecture Model</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Vulkan is designed for, and the API is written for, CPU, GPU, and other
+hardware accelerator architectures with the following properties:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Runtime support for 8, 16, 32 and 64-bit signed and unsigned
+twos-complement integers, all addressable at the granularity of their
+size in bytes.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Runtime support for 32- and 64-bit floating-point types satisfying the
+range and precision constraints in the
+<a href="#fundamentals-floatingpoint">Floating Point Computation</a> section.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The representation and endianness of these types <strong class="purple">must</strong> be identical for
+the host and the physical devices.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Since a variety of data types and structures in Vulkan <strong class="purple">may</strong> be mapped back
+and forth between host and physical device memory, host and device
+architectures <strong class="purple">must</strong> both be able to access such data efficiently in order to
+write portable and performant applications.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Where the Specification leaves choices open that would affect Application
+Binary Interface compatibility on a given platform supporting Vulkan, those
+choices are usually made to be compliant to the preferred ABI defined by the
+platform vendor.
+Some choices, such as function calling conventions, <strong class="purple">may</strong> be made in
+platform-specific portions of the vk_platform.h header file.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For example, the Android ABI is defined by Google, and the Linux ABI is
+defined by a combination of gcc defaults, distribution vendor choices, and
+external standards such as the Linux Standard Base.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-execmodel">2.2. Execution Model</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This section outlines the execution model of a Vulkan system.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Vulkan exposes one or more <em>devices</em>, each of which exposes one or more
+<em>queues</em> which <strong class="purple">may</strong> process work asynchronously to one another.
+The set of queues supported by a device is partitioned into <em>families</em>.
+Each family supports one or more types of functionality and <strong class="purple">may</strong> contain
+multiple queues with similar characteristics.
+Queues within a single family are considered <em>compatible</em> with one another,
+and work produced for a family of queues <strong class="purple">can</strong> be executed on any queue
+within that family.
+This specification defines four types of functionality that queues <strong class="purple">may</strong>
+support: graphics, compute, transfer, and sparse memory management.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A single device <strong class="purple">may</strong> report multiple similar queue families rather than, or
+as well as, reporting multiple members of one or more of those families.
+This indicates that while members of those families have similar
+capabilities, they are <em>not</em> directly compatible with one another.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Device memory is explicitly managed by the application.
+Each device <strong class="purple">may</strong> advertise one or more heaps, representing different areas
+of memory.
+Memory heaps are either device local or host local, but are always visible
+to the device.
+Further detail about memory heaps is exposed via memory types available on
+that heap.
+Examples of memory areas that <strong class="purple">may</strong> be available on an implementation
+include:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><em>device local</em> is memory that is physically connected to the device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><em>device local, host visible</em> is device local memory that is visible to
+the host.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><em>host local, host visible</em> is memory that is local to the host and
+visible to the device and host.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>On other architectures, there <strong class="purple">may</strong> only be a single heap that <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used
+for any purpose.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A Vulkan application controls a set of devices through the submission of
+command buffers which have recorded device commands issued via Vulkan
+library calls.
+The content of command buffers is specific to the underlying hardware and is
+opaque to the application.
+Once constructed, a command buffer <strong class="purple">can</strong> be submitted once or many times to a
+queue for execution.
+Multiple command buffers <strong class="purple">can</strong> be built in parallel by employing multiple
+threads within the application.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Command buffers submitted to different queues <strong class="purple">may</strong> execute in parallel or
+even out of order with respect to one another.
+Command buffers submitted to a single queue respect
+<a href="#synchronization-submission-order">submission order</a>, as described further
+in <a href="#synchronization">synchronization chapter</a>.
+Command buffer execution by the device is also asynchronous to host
+execution.
+Once a command buffer is submitted to a queue, control <strong class="purple">may</strong> return to the
+application immediately.
+Synchronization between the device and host, and between different queues is
+the responsibility of the application.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-queueoperation">2.2.1. Queue Operation</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Vulkan queues provide an interface to the execution engines of a device.
+Commands for these execution engines are recorded into command buffers ahead
+of execution time.
+These command buffers are then submitted to queues with a <em>queue submission</em>
+command for execution in a number of <em>batches</em>.
+Once submitted to a queue, these commands will begin and complete execution
+without further application intervention, though the order of this execution
+is dependent on a number of <a href="#synchronization">implicit and explicit
+ordering constraints</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Work is submitted to queues using queue submission commands that typically
+take the form <code>vkQueue</code>* (e.g. <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a>,
+<a href="#vkQueueBindSparse">vkQueueBindSparse</a>), and optionally take a list of semaphores upon
+which to wait before work begins and a list of semaphores to signal once
+work has completed.
+The work itself, as well as signaling and waiting on the semaphores are all
+<em>queue operations</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Queue operations on different queues have no implicit ordering constraints,
+and <strong class="purple">may</strong> execute in any order.
+Explicit ordering constraints between queues <strong class="purple">can</strong> be expressed with
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores">semaphores</a> and
+<a href="#synchronization-fences">fences</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Command buffer submissions to a single queue respect
+<a href="#synchronization-submission-order">submission order</a> and other
+<a href="#synchronization-implicit">implicit ordering guarantees</a>, but otherwise
+<strong class="purple">may</strong> overlap or execute out of order.
+Other types of batches and queue submissions against a single queue (e.g.
+<a href="#sparsemem-memory-binding">sparse memory binding</a>) have no implicit
+ordering constraints with any other queue submission or batch.
+Additional explicit ordering constraints between queue submissions and
+individual batches can be expressed with
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores">semaphores</a> and
+<a href="#synchronization-fences">fences</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Before a fence or semaphore is signaled, it is guaranteed that any
+previously submitted queue operations have completed execution, and that
+memory writes from those queue operations are
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies-available-and-visible">available</a> to future
+queue operations.
+Waiting on a signaled semaphore or fence guarantees that previous writes
+that are available are also
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies-available-and-visible">visible</a> to subsequent
+commands.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Command buffer boundaries, both between primary command buffers of the same
+or different batches or submissions as well as between primary and secondary
+command buffers, do not introduce any additional ordering constraints.
+In other words, submitting the set of command buffers (which <strong class="purple">can</strong> include
+executing secondary command buffers) between any semaphore or fence
+operations execute the recorded commands as if they had all been recorded
+into a single primary command buffer, except that the current state is
+<a href="#commandbuffers-statereset">reset</a> on each boundary.
+Explicit ordering constraints <strong class="purple">can</strong> be expressed with <a href="#synchronization">explicit synchronization primitives</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>There are a few <a href="#synchronization-implicit">implicit ordering guarantees</a>
+between commands within a command buffer, but only covering a subset of
+execution.
+Additional explicit ordering constraints can be expressed with the various
+<a href="#synchronization">explicit synchronization primitives</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Implementations have significant freedom to overlap execution of work
+submitted to a queue, and this is common due to deep pipelining and
+parallelism in Vulkan devices.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div id="fundamentals-queueoperation-command-types" class="paragraph">
+<p>Commands recorded in command buffers either perform actions (draw, dispatch,
+clear, copy, query/timestamp operations, begin/end subpass operations), set
+state (bind pipelines, descriptor sets, and buffers, set dynamic state, push
+constants, set render pass/subpass state), or perform synchronization
+(set/wait events, pipeline barrier, render pass/subpass dependencies).
+Some commands perform more than one of these tasks.
+State setting commands update the <em>current state</em> of the command buffer.
+Some commands that perform actions (e.g. draw/dispatch) do so based on the
+current state set cumulatively since the start of the command buffer.
+The work involved in performing action commands is often allowed to overlap
+or to be reordered, but doing so <strong class="purple">must</strong> not alter the state to be used by
+each action command.
+In general, action commands are those commands that alter framebuffer
+attachments, read/write buffer or image memory, or write to query pools.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Synchronization commands introduce explicit
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies">execution and memory dependencies</a> between
+two sets of action commands, where the second set of commands depends on the
+first set of commands.
+These dependencies enforce that both the execution of certain
+<a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages">pipeline stages</a> in the later set occur
+after the execution of certain stages in the source set, and that the
+effects of <a href="#synchronization-global-memory-barriers">memory accesses</a>
+performed by certain pipeline stages occur in order and are visible to each
+other.
+When not enforced by an explicit dependency or <a href="#synchronization-implicit">implicit ordering guarantees</a>, action commands <strong class="purple">may</strong> overlap execution or
+execute out of order, and <strong class="purple">may</strong> not see the side effects of each other&#8217;s
+memory accesses.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The device executes queue operations asynchronously with respect to the
+host.
+Control is returned to an application immediately following command buffer
+submission to a queue.
+The application <strong class="purple">must</strong> synchronize work between the host and device as
+needed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-objectmodel-overview">2.3. Object Model</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The devices, queues, and other entities in Vulkan are represented by Vulkan
+objects.
+At the API level, all objects are referred to by handles.
+There are two classes of handles, dispatchable and non-dispatchable.
+<em>Dispatchable</em> handle types are a pointer to an opaque type.
+This pointer <strong class="purple">may</strong> be used by layers as part of intercepting API commands,
+and thus each API command takes a dispatchable type as its first parameter.
+Each object of a dispatchable type <strong class="purple">must</strong> have a unique handle value during
+its lifetime.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Non-dispatchable</em> handle types are a 64-bit integer type whose meaning is
+implementation-dependent, and <strong class="purple">may</strong> encode object information directly in the
+handle rather than pointing to a software structure.
+Objects of a non-dispatchable type <strong class="purple">may</strong> not have unique handle values within
+a type or across types.
+If handle values are not unique, then destroying one such handle <strong class="purple">must</strong> not
+cause identical handles of other types to become invalid, and <strong class="purple">must</strong> not
+cause identical handles of the same type to become invalid if that handle
+value has been created more times than it has been destroyed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>All objects created or allocated from a <code>VkDevice</code> (i.e. with a
+<code>VkDevice</code> as the first parameter) are private to that device, and <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+not be used on other devices.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-objectmodel-lifetime">2.3.1. Object Lifetime</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Objects are created or allocated by <code>vkCreate</code>* and <code>vkAllocate</code>*
+commands, respectively.
+Once an object is created or allocated, its &#8220;structure&#8221; is considered to
+be immutable, though the contents of certain object types is still free to
+change.
+Objects are destroyed or freed by <code>vkDestroy</code>* and <code>vkFree</code>*
+commands, respectively.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Objects that are allocated (rather than created) take resources from an
+existing pool object or memory heap, and when freed return resources to that
+pool or heap.
+While object creation and destruction are generally expected to be
+low-frequency occurrences during runtime, allocating and freeing objects
+<strong class="purple">can</strong> occur at high frequency.
+Pool objects help accommodate improved performance of the allocations and
+frees.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>It is an application&#8217;s responsibility to track the lifetime of Vulkan
+objects, and not to destroy them while they are still in use.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Application-owned memory is immediately consumed by any Vulkan command it is
+passed into.
+The application <strong class="purple">can</strong> alter or free this memory as soon as the commands that
+consume it have returned.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The following object types are consumed when they are passed into a Vulkan
+command and not further accessed by the objects they are used to create.
+They <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be destroyed in the duration of any API command they are
+passed into:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkShaderModule</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkPipelineCache</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A <code>VkPipelineLayout</code> object <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be destroyed while any command
+buffer that uses it is in the recording state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>VkDescriptorSetLayout</code> objects <strong class="purple">may</strong> be accessed by commands that
+operate on descriptor sets allocated using that layout, and those descriptor
+sets <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be updated with <a href="#vkUpdateDescriptorSets">vkUpdateDescriptorSets</a> after the
+descriptor set layout has been destroyed.
+Otherwise, descriptor set layouts <strong class="purple">can</strong> be destroyed any time they are not in
+use by an API command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The application <strong class="purple">must</strong> not destroy any other type of Vulkan object until all
+uses of that object by the device (such as via command buffer execution)
+have completed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The following Vulkan objects <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be destroyed while any command
+buffers using the object are recording or pending execution:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkEvent</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkQueryPool</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkBuffer</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkBufferView</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkImage</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkImageView</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkPipeline</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkSampler</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkDescriptorPool</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkFramebuffer</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkRenderPass</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkCommandPool</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkDeviceMemory</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkDescriptorSet</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkObjectTableNVX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkIndirectCommandsLayout</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The following Vulkan objects <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be destroyed while any queue is
+executing commands that use the object:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkFence</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkSemaphore</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkCommandBuffer</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkCommandPool</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In general, objects <strong class="purple">can</strong> be destroyed or freed in any order, even if the
+object being freed is involved in the use of another object (e.g. use of a
+resource in a view, use of a view in a descriptor set, use of an object in a
+command buffer, binding of a memory allocation to a resource), as long as
+any object that uses the freed object is not further used in any way except
+to be destroyed or to be reset in such a way that it no longer uses the
+other object (such as resetting a command buffer).
+If the object has been reset, then it <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used as if it never used the
+freed object.
+An exception to this is when there is a parent/child relationship between
+objects.
+In this case, the application <strong class="purple">must</strong> not destroy a parent object before its
+children, except when the parent is explicitly defined to free its children
+when it is destroyed (e.g. for pool objects, as defined below).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>VkCommandPool</code> objects are parents of <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> objects.
+<code>VkDescriptorPool</code> objects are parents of <code>VkDescriptorSet</code> objects.
+<code>VkDevice</code> objects are parents of many object types (all that take a
+<code>VkDevice</code> as a parameter to their creation).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The following Vulkan objects have specific restrictions for when they <strong class="purple">can</strong>
+be destroyed:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkQueue</code> objects <strong class="purple">cannot</strong> be explicitly destroyed.
+Instead, they are implicitly destroyed when the <code>VkDevice</code> object
+they are retrieved from is destroyed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Destroying a pool object implicitly frees all objects allocated from
+that pool.
+Specifically, destroying <code>VkCommandPool</code> frees all
+<code>VkCommandBuffer</code> objects that were allocated from it, and
+destroying <code>VkDescriptorPool</code> frees all <code>VkDescriptorSet</code>
+objects that were allocated from it.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkDevice</code> objects <strong class="purple">can</strong> be destroyed when all <code>VkQueue</code> objects
+retrieved from them are idle, and all objects created from them have
+been destroyed.
+This includes the following objects:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkFence</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkSemaphore</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkEvent</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkQueryPool</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkBuffer</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkBufferView</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkImage</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkImageView</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkShaderModule</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkPipelineCache</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkPipeline</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkPipelineLayout</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkSampler</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkDescriptorSetLayout</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkDescriptorPool</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkFramebuffer</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkRenderPass</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkCommandPool</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkCommandBuffer</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkDeviceMemory</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> objects <strong class="purple">cannot</strong> be explicitly destroyed.
+Instead, they are implicitly destroyed when the <code>VkInstance</code> object
+they are retrieved from is destroyed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VkInstance</code> objects <strong class="purple">can</strong> be destroyed once all <code>VkDevice</code>
+objects created from any of its <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> objects have been
+destroyed.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-objectmodel-external">2.3.2. External Object Handles</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As defined above, the scope of object handles created or allocated from a
+<code>VkDevice</code> is limited to that logical device.
+Objects which are not in scope are said to be external.
+To bring an external object into scope, an external handle <strong class="purple">must</strong> be exported
+from the object in the source scope and imported into the destination scope.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The scope of external handles and their associated resources <strong class="purple">may</strong> vary
+according to their type, but they <strong class="purple">can</strong> generally be shared across process
+and API boundaries.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-commandsyntax">2.4. Command Syntax and Duration</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Specification describes Vulkan commands as functions or procedures using
+C99 syntax.
+Language bindings for other languages such as C++ and JavaScript <strong class="purple">may</strong> allow
+for stricter parameter passing, or object-oriented interfaces.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Vulkan uses the standard C types for the base type of scalar parameters
+(e.g. types from stdint.h), with exceptions described below, or elsewhere
+in the text when appropriate:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>VkBool32</code> represents boolean <code>True</code> and <code>False</code> values, since C does
+not have a sufficiently portable built-in boolean type:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkBool32" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> uint32_t VkBool32;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>VK_TRUE</code> represents a boolean <strong>True</strong> (integer 1) value, and
+<code>VK_FALSE</code> a boolean <strong>False</strong> (integer 0) value.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>All values returned from a Vulkan implementation in a <code>VkBool32</code> will
+be either <code>VK_TRUE</code> or <code>VK_FALSE</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Applications <strong class="purple">must</strong> not pass any other values than <code>VK_TRUE</code> or
+<code>VK_FALSE</code> into a Vulkan implementation where a <code>VkBool32</code> is
+expected.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>VkDeviceSize</code> represents device memory size and offset values:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkDeviceSize" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> uint64_t VkDeviceSize;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Commands that create Vulkan objects are of the form <code>vkCreate</code>* and take
+<code>Vk</code>*CreateInfo structures with the parameters needed to create the
+object.
+These Vulkan objects are destroyed with commands of the form
+<code>vkDestroy</code>*.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The last in-parameter to each command that creates or destroys a Vulkan
+object is <code>pAllocator</code>.
+The <code>pAllocator</code> parameter <strong class="purple">can</strong> be set to a non-<code>NULL</code> value such that
+allocations for the given object are delegated to an application provided
+callback; refer to the <a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter for
+further details.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Commands that allocate Vulkan objects owned by pool objects are of the form
+<code>vkAllocate</code>*, and take <code>Vk</code>*AllocateInfo structures.
+These Vulkan objects are freed with commands of the form <code>vkFree</code>*.
+These objects do not take allocators; if host memory is needed, they will
+use the allocator that was specified when their parent pool was created.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Commands are recorded into a command buffer by calling API commands of the
+form <code>vkCmd</code>*.
+Each such command <strong class="purple">may</strong> have different restrictions on where it <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used:
+in a primary and/or secondary command buffer, inside and/or outside a render
+pass, and in one or more of the supported queue types.
+These restrictions are documented together with the definition of each such
+command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <em>duration</em> of a Vulkan command refers to the interval between calling
+the command and its return to the caller.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-commandsyntax-results-lifetime">2.4.1. Lifetime of Retrieved Results</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Information is retrieved from the implementation with commands of the form
+<code>vkGet</code>* and <code>vkEnumerate</code>*.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Unless otherwise specified for an individual command, the results are
+<em>invariant</em>; that is, they will remain unchanged when retrieved again by
+calling the same command with the same parameters, so long as those
+parameters themselves all remain valid.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-threadingbehavior">2.5. Threading Behavior</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Vulkan is intended to provide scalable performance when used on multiple
+host threads.
+All commands support being called concurrently from multiple threads, but
+certain parameters, or components of parameters are defined to be
+<em>externally synchronized</em>.
+This means that the caller <strong class="purple">must</strong> guarantee that no more than one thread is
+using such a parameter at a given time.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>More precisely, Vulkan commands use simple stores to update software
+structures representing Vulkan objects.
+A parameter declared as externally synchronized <strong class="purple">may</strong> have its software
+structures updated at any time during the host execution of the command.
+If two commands operate on the same object and at least one of the commands
+declares the object to be externally synchronized, then the caller <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+guarantee not only that the commands do not execute simultaneously, but also
+that the two commands are separated by an appropriate memory barrier (if
+needed).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Memory barriers are particularly relevant on the ARM CPU architecture which
+is more weakly ordered than many developers are accustomed to from x86/x64
+programming.
+Fortunately, most higher-level synchronization primitives (like the pthread
+library) perform memory barriers as a part of mutual exclusion, so mutexing
+Vulkan objects via these primitives will have the desired effect.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Many object types are <em>immutable</em>, meaning the objects <strong class="purple">cannot</strong> change once
+they have been created.
+These types of objects never need external synchronization, except that they
+<strong class="purple">must</strong> not be destroyed while they are in use on another thread.
+In certain special cases, mutable object parameters are internally
+synchronized such that they do not require external synchronization.
+One example of this is the use of a <code>VkPipelineCache</code> in
+<code>vkCreateGraphicsPipelines</code> and <code>vkCreateComputePipelines</code>, where
+external synchronization around such a heavyweight command would be
+impractical.
+The implementation <strong class="purple">must</strong> internally synchronize the cache in this example,
+and <strong class="purple">may</strong> be able to do so in the form of a much finer-grained mutex around
+the command.
+Any command parameters that are not labeled as externally synchronized are
+either not mutated by the command or are internally synchronized.
+Additionally, certain objects related to a command&#8217;s parameters (e.g.
+command pools and descriptor pools) <strong class="purple">may</strong> be affected by a command, and <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+also be externally synchronized.
+These implicit parameters are documented as described below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Parameters of commands that are externally synchronized are listed below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Externally Synchronized Parameters</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>instance</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyInstance">vkDestroyInstance</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>device</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyDevice">vkDestroyDevice</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>queue</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>fence</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>memory</code> parameter in <a href="#vkFreeMemory">vkFreeMemory</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>memory</code> parameter in <a href="#vkMapMemory">vkMapMemory</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>memory</code> parameter in <a href="#vkUnmapMemory">vkUnmapMemory</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>buffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkBindBufferMemory">vkBindBufferMemory</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>image</code> parameter in <a href="#vkBindImageMemory">vkBindImageMemory</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>queue</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueBindSparse">vkQueueBindSparse</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>fence</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueBindSparse">vkQueueBindSparse</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>fence</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyFence">vkDestroyFence</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>semaphore</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroySemaphore">vkDestroySemaphore</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>event</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyEvent">vkDestroyEvent</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>event</code> parameter in <a href="#vkSetEvent">vkSetEvent</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>event</code> parameter in <a href="#vkResetEvent">vkResetEvent</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>queryPool</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyQueryPool">vkDestroyQueryPool</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>buffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyBuffer">vkDestroyBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>bufferView</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyBufferView">vkDestroyBufferView</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>image</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyImage">vkDestroyImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>imageView</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyImageView">vkDestroyImageView</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>shaderModule</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyShaderModule">vkDestroyShaderModule</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>pipelineCache</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyPipelineCache">vkDestroyPipelineCache</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>dstCache</code> parameter in <a href="#vkMergePipelineCaches">vkMergePipelineCaches</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>pipeline</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyPipeline">vkDestroyPipeline</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>pipelineLayout</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyPipelineLayout">vkDestroyPipelineLayout</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>sampler</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroySampler">vkDestroySampler</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>descriptorSetLayout</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout">vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>descriptorPool</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyDescriptorPool">vkDestroyDescriptorPool</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>descriptorPool</code> parameter in <a href="#vkResetDescriptorPool">vkResetDescriptorPool</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>descriptorPool</code> the <code>pAllocateInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkAllocateDescriptorSets">vkAllocateDescriptorSets</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>descriptorPool</code> parameter in <a href="#vkFreeDescriptorSets">vkFreeDescriptorSets</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>framebuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyFramebuffer">vkDestroyFramebuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>renderPass</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyRenderPass">vkDestroyRenderPass</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandPool</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyCommandPool">vkDestroyCommandPool</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandPool</code> parameter in <a href="#vkResetCommandPool">vkResetCommandPool</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandPool</code> the <code>pAllocateInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkAllocateCommandBuffers">vkAllocateCommandBuffers</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandPool</code> parameter in <a href="#vkFreeCommandBuffers">vkFreeCommandBuffers</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkBeginCommandBuffer">vkBeginCommandBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkEndCommandBuffer">vkEndCommandBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkResetCommandBuffer">vkResetCommandBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdBindPipeline">vkCmdBindPipeline</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetViewport">vkCmdSetViewport</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetScissor">vkCmdSetScissor</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetLineWidth">vkCmdSetLineWidth</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetDepthBias">vkCmdSetDepthBias</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetBlendConstants">vkCmdSetBlendConstants</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetDepthBounds">vkCmdSetDepthBounds</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask">vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask">vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetStencilReference">vkCmdSetStencilReference</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdBindDescriptorSets">vkCmdBindDescriptorSets</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdBindIndexBuffer">vkCmdBindIndexBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdBindVertexBuffers">vkCmdBindVertexBuffers</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdDraw">vkCmdDraw</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndexed">vkCmdDrawIndexed</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndirect">vkCmdDrawIndirect</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirect">vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirect</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdDispatch">vkCmdDispatch</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdDispatchIndirect">vkCmdDispatchIndirect</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdCopyBuffer">vkCmdCopyBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdCopyImage">vkCmdCopyImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdBlitImage">vkCmdBlitImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdCopyBufferToImage">vkCmdCopyBufferToImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer">vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdUpdateBuffer">vkCmdUpdateBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdFillBuffer">vkCmdFillBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdClearColorImage">vkCmdClearColorImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdClearDepthStencilImage">vkCmdClearDepthStencilImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdClearAttachments">vkCmdClearAttachments</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdResolveImage">vkCmdResolveImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetEvent">vkCmdSetEvent</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdResetEvent">vkCmdResetEvent</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdWaitEvents">vkCmdWaitEvents</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdPipelineBarrier">vkCmdPipelineBarrier</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdBeginQuery">vkCmdBeginQuery</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdEndQuery">vkCmdEndQuery</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdResetQueryPool">vkCmdResetQueryPool</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdWriteTimestamp">vkCmdWriteTimestamp</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdCopyQueryPoolResults">vkCmdCopyQueryPoolResults</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdPushConstants">vkCmdPushConstants</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdBeginRenderPass">vkCmdBeginRenderPass</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdNextSubpass">vkCmdNextSubpass</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdEndRenderPass">vkCmdEndRenderPass</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdExecuteCommands">vkCmdExecuteCommands</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>surface</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroySurfaceKHR">vkDestroySurfaceKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>surface</code> member of the <code>pCreateInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCreateSwapchainKHR">vkCreateSwapchainKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>oldSwapchain</code> member of the <code>pCreateInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCreateSwapchainKHR">vkCreateSwapchainKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>swapchain</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroySwapchainKHR">vkDestroySwapchainKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>swapchain</code> parameter in <a href="#vkAcquireNextImageKHR">vkAcquireNextImageKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>semaphore</code> parameter in <a href="#vkAcquireNextImageKHR">vkAcquireNextImageKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>fence</code> parameter in <a href="#vkAcquireNextImageKHR">vkAcquireNextImageKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>queue</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueuePresentKHR">vkQueuePresentKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>display</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCreateDisplayModeKHR">vkCreateDisplayModeKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>mode</code> parameter in <a href="#vkGetDisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR">vkGetDisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandPool</code> parameter in <a href="#vkTrimCommandPoolKHR">vkTrimCommandPoolKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdPushDescriptorSetKHR">vkCmdPushDescriptorSetKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>descriptorUpdateTemplate</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR">vkDestroyDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>descriptorSet</code> parameter in <a href="#vkUpdateDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR">vkUpdateDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdPushDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR">vkCmdPushDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>callback</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT">vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>object</code> member of the <code>pTagInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDebugMarkerSetObjectTagEXT">vkDebugMarkerSetObjectTagEXT</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>object</code> member of the <code>pNameInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDebugMarkerSetObjectNameEXT">vkDebugMarkerSetObjectNameEXT</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndirectCountAMD">vkCmdDrawIndirectCountAMD</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirectCountAMD">vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirectCountAMD</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetDeviceMaskKHX">vkCmdSetDeviceMaskKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>surface</code> parameter in <a href="#vkGetDeviceGroupSurfacePresentModesKHX">vkGetDeviceGroupSurfacePresentModesKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdDispatchBaseKHX">vkCmdDispatchBaseKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>surface</code> parameter in <a href="#vkGetPhysicalDevicePresentRectanglesKHX">vkGetPhysicalDevicePresentRectanglesKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX">vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdReserveSpaceForCommandsNVX">vkCmdReserveSpaceForCommandsNVX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>objectTable</code> parameter in <a href="#vkDestroyObjectTableNVX">vkDestroyObjectTableNVX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>objectTable</code> parameter in <a href="#vkRegisterObjectsNVX">vkRegisterObjectsNVX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>objectTable</code> parameter in <a href="#vkUnregisterObjectsNVX">vkUnregisterObjectsNVX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetViewportWScalingNV">vkCmdSetViewportWScalingNV</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commandBuffer</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCmdSetDiscardRectangleEXT">vkCmdSetDiscardRectangleEXT</a></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>There are also a few instances where a command <strong class="purple">can</strong> take in a user allocated
+list whose contents are externally synchronized parameters.
+In these cases, the caller <strong class="purple">must</strong> guarantee that at most one thread is using
+a given element within the list at a given time.
+These parameters are listed below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Externally Synchronized Parameter Lists</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of the <code>pWaitSemaphores</code> member of each element of the <code>pSubmits</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of the <code>pSignalSemaphores</code> member of each element of the <code>pSubmits</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of the <code>pWaitSemaphores</code> member of each element of the <code>pBindInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueBindSparse">vkQueueBindSparse</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of the <code>pSignalSemaphores</code> member of each element of the <code>pBindInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueBindSparse">vkQueueBindSparse</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>buffer</code> member of each element of the <code>pBufferBinds</code> member of each element of the <code>pBindInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueBindSparse">vkQueueBindSparse</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>image</code> member of each element of the <code>pImageOpaqueBinds</code> member of each element of the <code>pBindInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueBindSparse">vkQueueBindSparse</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>image</code> member of each element of the <code>pImageBinds</code> member of each element of the <code>pBindInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueueBindSparse">vkQueueBindSparse</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of the <code>pFences</code> parameter in <a href="#vkResetFences">vkResetFences</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of the <code>pDescriptorSets</code> parameter in <a href="#vkFreeDescriptorSets">vkFreeDescriptorSets</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>dstSet</code> member of each element of the <code>pDescriptorWrites</code> parameter in <a href="#vkUpdateDescriptorSets">vkUpdateDescriptorSets</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>dstSet</code> member of each element of the <code>pDescriptorCopies</code> parameter in <a href="#vkUpdateDescriptorSets">vkUpdateDescriptorSets</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of the <code>pCommandBuffers</code> parameter in <a href="#vkFreeCommandBuffers">vkFreeCommandBuffers</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of the <code>pWaitSemaphores</code> member of the <code>pPresentInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueuePresentKHR">vkQueuePresentKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of the <code>pSwapchains</code> member of the <code>pPresentInfo</code> parameter in <a href="#vkQueuePresentKHR">vkQueuePresentKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>surface</code> member of each element of the <code>pCreateInfos</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR">vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>oldSwapchain</code> member of each element of the <code>pCreateInfos</code> parameter in <a href="#vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR">vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In addition, there are some implicit parameters that need to be externally
+synchronized.
+For example, all <code>commandBuffer</code> parameters that need to be externally
+synchronized imply that the <code>commandPool</code> that was passed in when
+creating that command buffer also needs to be externally synchronized.
+The implicit parameters and their associated object are listed below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Implicit Externally Synchronized Parameters</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>All <code>VkQueue</code> objects created from <code>device</code> in <a href="#vkDeviceWaitIdle">vkDeviceWaitIdle</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any <code>VkDescriptorSet</code> objects allocated from <code>descriptorPool</code> in <a href="#vkResetDescriptorPool">vkResetDescriptorPool</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from in <a href="#vkBeginCommandBuffer">vkBeginCommandBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from in <a href="#vkEndCommandBuffer">vkEndCommandBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdBindPipeline">vkCmdBindPipeline</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetViewport">vkCmdSetViewport</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetScissor">vkCmdSetScissor</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetLineWidth">vkCmdSetLineWidth</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetDepthBias">vkCmdSetDepthBias</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetBlendConstants">vkCmdSetBlendConstants</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetDepthBounds">vkCmdSetDepthBounds</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask">vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask">vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetStencilReference">vkCmdSetStencilReference</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdBindDescriptorSets">vkCmdBindDescriptorSets</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdBindIndexBuffer">vkCmdBindIndexBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdBindVertexBuffers">vkCmdBindVertexBuffers</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDraw">vkCmdDraw</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndexed">vkCmdDrawIndexed</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndirect">vkCmdDrawIndirect</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirect">vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirect</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDispatch">vkCmdDispatch</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDispatchIndirect">vkCmdDispatchIndirect</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdCopyBuffer">vkCmdCopyBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdCopyImage">vkCmdCopyImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdBlitImage">vkCmdBlitImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdCopyBufferToImage">vkCmdCopyBufferToImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer">vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdUpdateBuffer">vkCmdUpdateBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdFillBuffer">vkCmdFillBuffer</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdClearColorImage">vkCmdClearColorImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdClearDepthStencilImage">vkCmdClearDepthStencilImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdClearAttachments">vkCmdClearAttachments</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdResolveImage">vkCmdResolveImage</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetEvent">vkCmdSetEvent</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdResetEvent">vkCmdResetEvent</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdWaitEvents">vkCmdWaitEvents</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdPipelineBarrier">vkCmdPipelineBarrier</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdBeginQuery">vkCmdBeginQuery</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdEndQuery">vkCmdEndQuery</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdResetQueryPool">vkCmdResetQueryPool</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdWriteTimestamp">vkCmdWriteTimestamp</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdCopyQueryPoolResults">vkCmdCopyQueryPoolResults</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdPushConstants">vkCmdPushConstants</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdBeginRenderPass">vkCmdBeginRenderPass</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdNextSubpass">vkCmdNextSubpass</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdEndRenderPass">vkCmdEndRenderPass</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdExecuteCommands">vkCmdExecuteCommands</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdPushDescriptorSetKHR">vkCmdPushDescriptorSetKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdPushDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR">vkCmdPushDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDebugMarkerBeginEXT">vkCmdDebugMarkerBeginEXT</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDebugMarkerEndEXT">vkCmdDebugMarkerEndEXT</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDebugMarkerInsertEXT">vkCmdDebugMarkerInsertEXT</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndirectCountAMD">vkCmdDrawIndirectCountAMD</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirectCountAMD">vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirectCountAMD</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetDeviceMaskKHX">vkCmdSetDeviceMaskKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdDispatchBaseKHX">vkCmdDispatchBaseKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX">vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdReserveSpaceForCommandsNVX">vkCmdReserveSpaceForCommandsNVX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetViewportWScalingNV">vkCmdSetViewportWScalingNV</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from, in <a href="#vkCmdSetDiscardRectangleEXT">vkCmdSetDiscardRectangleEXT</a></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-errors">2.6. Errors</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Vulkan is a layered API.
+The lowest layer is the core Vulkan layer, as defined by this Specification.
+The application <strong class="purple">can</strong> use additional layers above the core for debugging,
+validation, and other purposes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>One of the core principles of Vulkan is that building and submitting command
+buffers <strong class="purple">should</strong> be highly efficient.
+Thus error checking and validation of state in the core layer is minimal,
+although more rigorous validation <strong class="purple">can</strong> be enabled through the use of layers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The core layer assumes applications are using the API correctly.
+Except as documented elsewhere in the Specification, the behavior of the
+core layer to an application using the API incorrectly is undefined, and
+<strong class="purple">may</strong> include program termination.
+However, implementations <strong class="purple">must</strong> ensure that incorrect usage by an application
+does not affect the integrity of the operating system, the Vulkan
+implementation, or other Vulkan client applications in the system, and does
+not allow one application to access data belonging to another application.
+Applications <strong class="purple">can</strong> request stronger robustness guarantees by enabling the
+<code>robustBufferAccess</code> feature as described in <a href="#features">Features, Limits, and Formats</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Validation of correct API usage is left to validation layers.
+Applications <strong class="purple">should</strong> be developed with validation layers enabled, to help
+catch and eliminate errors.
+Once validated, released applications <strong class="purple">should</strong> not enable validation layers
+by default.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-validusage">2.6.1. Valid Usage</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Valid usage defines a set of conditions which <strong class="purple">must</strong> be met in order to
+achieve well-defined run-time behavior in an application.
+These conditions depend only on Vulkan state, and the parameters or objects
+whose usage is constrained by the condition.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Some valid usage conditions have dependencies on run-time limits or feature
+availability.
+It is possible to validate these conditions against Vulkan&#8217;s minimum
+supported values for these limits and features, or some subset of other
+known values.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Valid usage conditions do not cover conditions where well-defined behavior
+(including returning an error code) exists.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Valid usage conditions <strong class="purple">should</strong> apply to the command or structure where
+complete information about the condition would be known during execution of
+an application.
+This is such that a validation layer or linter <strong class="purple">can</strong> be written directly
+against these statements at the point they are specified.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This does lead to some non-obvious places for valid usage statements.
+For instance, the valid values for a structure might depend on a separate
+value in the calling command.
+In this case, the structure itself will not reference this valid usage as it
+is impossible to determine validity from the structure that it is invalid -
+instead this valid usage would be attached to the calling command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Another example is draw state - the state setters are independent, and can
+cause a legitimately invalid state configuration between draw calls; so the
+valid usage statements are attached to the place where all state needs to be
+valid - at the draw command.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Valid usage conditions are described in a block labelled &#8220;Valid Usage&#8221;
+following each command or structure they apply to.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-implicit-validity">2.6.2. Implicit Valid Usage</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Some valid usage conditions apply to all commands and structures in the API,
+unless explicitly denoted otherwise for a specific command or structure.
+These conditions are considered <em>implicit</em>, and are described in a block
+labelled &#8220;Valid Usage (Implicit)&#8221; following each command or structure they
+apply to.
+Implicit valid usage conditions are described in detail below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect4">
+<h5 id="fundamentals-validusage-handles">Valid Usage for Object Handles</h5>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any input parameter to a command that is an object handle <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid
+object handle, unless otherwise specified.
+An object handle is valid if:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>It has been created or allocated by a previous, successful call to the
+API.
+Such calls are noted in the specification.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>It has not been deleted or freed by a previous call to the API.
+Such calls are noted in the specification.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any objects used by that object, either as part of creation or
+execution, <strong class="purple">must</strong> also be valid.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The reserved values <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a> and <code>NULL</code> <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used in place of
+valid non-dispatchable handles and dispatchable handles, respectively, when
+<em>explicitly called out in the specification</em>.
+Any command that creates an object successfully <strong class="purple">must</strong> not return these
+values.
+It is valid to pass these values to <code>vkDestroy</code>* or <code>vkFree</code>*
+commands, which will silently ignore these values.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect4">
+<h5 id="fundamentals-validusage-pointers">Valid Usage for Pointers</h5>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any parameter that is a pointer <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid pointer.
+A pointer is valid if it points at memory containing values of the number
+and type(s) expected by the command, and all fundamental types accessed
+through the pointer (e.g. as elements of an array or as members of a
+structure) satisfy the alignment requirements of the host processor.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect4">
+<h5 id="fundamentals-validusage-enums">Valid Usage for Enumerated Types</h5>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any parameter of an enumerated type <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid enumerant for that
+type.
+A enumerant is valid if:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The enumerant is defined as part of the enumerated type.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The enumerant is not one of the special values defined for the
+enumerated type, which are suffixed with <code>_BEGIN_RANGE</code>,
+<code>_END_RANGE</code>, <code>_RANGE_SIZE</code> or <code>_MAX_ENUM</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect4">
+<h5 id="fundamentals-validusage-flags">Valid Usage for Flags</h5>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A collection of flags is represented by a bitmask using the type
+<code>VkFlags</code>:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkFlags" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> uint32_t VkFlags;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Bitmasks are passed to many commands and structures to compactly represent
+options, but <code>VkFlags</code> is not used directly in the API.
+Instead, a <code>Vk*Flags</code> type which is an alias of <code>VkFlags</code>, and
+whose name matches the corresponding <code>Vk*FlagBits</code> that are valid for
+that type, is used.
+These aliases are described in the <a href="#boilerplate-flags">Flag Types</a> appendix
+of the Specification.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any <code>Vk*Flags</code> member or parameter used in the API <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid
+combination of bit flags.
+A valid combination is either zero or the bitwise OR of valid bit flags.
+A bit flag is valid if:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The bit flag is defined as part of the <code>Vk*FlagBits</code> type, where the
+bits type is obtained by taking the flag type and replacing the trailing
+<code>Flags</code> with <code>FlagBits</code>.
+For example, a flag value of type <a href="#VkColorComponentFlags">VkColorComponentFlags</a> <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+contain only bit flags defined by <a href="#VkColorComponentFlagBits">VkColorComponentFlagBits</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The flag is allowed in the context in which it is being used.
+For example, in some cases, certain bit flags or combinations of bit
+flags are mutually exclusive.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect4">
+<h5 id="fundamentals-validusage-sType">Valid Usage for Structure Types</h5>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any parameter that is a structure containing a <code>sType</code> member <strong class="purple">must</strong> have
+a value of <code>sType</code> which is a valid <a href="#VkStructureType">VkStructureType</a> value matching
+the type of the structure.
+As a general rule, the name of this value is obtained by taking the
+structure name, stripping the leading <code>Vk</code>, prefixing each capital
+letter with <code>_</code>, converting the entire resulting string to upper case,
+and prefixing it with <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_</code>.
+For example, structures of type <code>VkImageCreateInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have a
+<code>sType</code> value of <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The values <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_LOADER_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO</code> and
+<code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_LOADER_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO</code> are reserved for internal
+use by the loader, and do not have corresponding Vulkan structures in this
+specification.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The list of supported <a href="#boilerplate-sType">structure types</a> is defined in an
+appendix.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect4">
+<h5 id="fundamentals-validusage-pNext">Valid Usage for Structure Pointer Chains</h5>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any parameter that is a structure containing a <code>void*</code> <code>pNext</code> member
+<strong class="purple">must</strong> have a value of <code>pNext</code> that is either <code>NULL</code>, or points to a
+valid structure defined by an extension, containing <code>sType</code> and
+<code>pNext</code> members as described in the <a href="#vulkan-styleguide">Vulkan
+Documentation and Extensions</a> document in the section &#8220;Extension
+Interactions&#8221;.
+If that extension is supported by the implementation, then it <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+enabled.
+Any component of the implementation (the loader, any enabled layers, and
+drivers) <strong class="purple">must</strong> skip over, without processing (other than reading the
+<code>sType</code> and <code>pNext</code> members) any chained structures with <code>sType</code>
+values not defined by extensions supported by that component.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Extension structures are not described in the base Vulkan specification, but
+either in layered specifications incorporating those extensions, or in
+separate vendor-provided documents.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect4">
+<h5 id="fundamentals-validusage-nested-structs">Valid Usage for Nested Structures</h5>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The above conditions also apply recursively to members of structures
+provided as input to a command, either as a direct argument to the command,
+or themselves a member of another structure.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Specifics on valid usage of each command are covered in their individual
+sections.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-returncodes">2.6.3. Return Codes</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>While the core Vulkan API is not designed to capture incorrect usage, some
+circumstances still require return codes.
+Commands in Vulkan return their status via return codes that are in one of
+two categories:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Successful completion codes are returned when a command needs to
+communicate success or status information.
+All successful completion codes are non-negative values.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Run time error codes are returned when a command needs to communicate a
+failure that could only be detected at run time.
+All run time error codes are negative values.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>All return codes in Vulkan are reported via <a href="#VkResult">VkResult</a> return values.
+The possible codes are:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkResult" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkResult {
+    VK_SUCCESS = <span class="integer">0</span>,
+    VK_NOT_READY = <span class="integer">1</span>,
+    VK_TIMEOUT = <span class="integer">2</span>,
+    VK_EVENT_SET = <span class="integer">3</span>,
+    VK_EVENT_RESET = <span class="integer">4</span>,
+    VK_INCOMPLETE = <span class="integer">5</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY = -<span class="integer">1</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY = -<span class="integer">2</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED = -<span class="integer">3</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST = -<span class="integer">4</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED = -<span class="integer">5</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT = -<span class="integer">6</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT = -<span class="integer">7</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT = -<span class="integer">8</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER = -<span class="integer">9</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS = -<span class="integer">10</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED = -<span class="integer">11</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_FRAGMENTED_POOL = -<span class="integer">12</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR = -<span class="integer">1000000000</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_NATIVE_WINDOW_IN_USE_KHR = -<span class="integer">1000000001</span>,
+    VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR = <span class="integer">1000001003</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR = -<span class="integer">1000001004</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DISPLAY_KHR = -<span class="integer">1000003001</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT = -<span class="integer">1000011001</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_INVALID_SHADER_NV = -<span class="integer">1000012000</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY_KHR = -<span class="integer">1000069000</span>,
+    VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE_KHX = -<span class="integer">1000072003</span>,
+} VkResult;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="fundamentals-successcodes" class="ulist">
+<div class="title">Success Codes</div>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code> Command successfully completed</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_NOT_READY</code> A fence or query has not yet completed</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_TIMEOUT</code> A wait operation has not completed in the specified
+time</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_EVENT_SET</code> An event is signaled</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_EVENT_RESET</code> An event is unsignaled</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_INCOMPLETE</code> A return array was too small for the result</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR</code> A swapchain no longer matches the surface
+properties exactly, but <strong class="purple">can</strong> still be used to present to the surface
+successfully.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="fundamentals-errorcodes" class="ulist">
+<div class="title">Error codes</div>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code> A host memory allocation has failed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code> A device memory allocation has
+failed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED</code> Initialization of an object could
+not be completed for implementation-specific reasons.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code> The logical or physical device has been lost.
+See <a href="#devsandqueues-lost-device">Lost Device</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED</code> Mapping of a memory object has failed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT</code> A requested layer is not present or
+could not be loaded.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT</code> A requested extension is not
+supported.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT</code> A requested feature is not supported.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER</code> The requested version of Vulkan is
+not supported by the driver or is otherwise incompatible for
+implementation-specific reasons.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS</code> Too many objects of the type have
+already been created.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED</code> A requested format is not supported
+on this device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_FRAGMENTED_POOL</code> A requested pool allocation has failed
+due to fragmentation of the pool&#8217;s memory.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR</code> A surface is no longer available.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_NATIVE_WINDOW_IN_USE_KHR</code> The requested window is already
+in use by Vulkan or another API in a manner which prevents it from being
+used again.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR</code> A surface has changed in such a way that
+it is no longer compatible with the swapchain, and further presentation
+requests using the swapchain will fail.
+Applications <strong class="purple">must</strong> query the new surface properties and recreate their
+swapchain if they wish to continue presenting to the surface.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DISPLAY_KHR</code> The display used by a swapchain
+does not use the same presentable image layout, or is incompatible in a
+way that prevents sharing an image.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INVALID_SHADER_NV</code> One or more shaders failed to compile
+or link.
+More details are reported back to the application via
+VK_EXT_debug_report if enabled.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY_KHR</code> There is no more memory in the
+descriptor set pool.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE_KHX</code> An external handle is not a
+valid handle of the specified type.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If a command returns a run time error, it will leave any result pointers
+unmodified, unless other behavior is explicitly defined in the
+specification.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Out of memory errors do not damage any currently existing Vulkan objects.
+Objects that have already been successfully created <strong class="purple">can</strong> still be used by
+the application.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Performance-critical commands generally do not have return codes.
+If a run time error occurs in such commands, the implementation will defer
+reporting the error until a specified point.
+For commands that record into command buffers (<code>vkCmd</code>*) run time errors
+are reported by <code>vkEndCommandBuffer</code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-numerics">2.7. Numeric Representation and Computation</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Implementations normally perform computations in floating-point, and <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+meet the range and precision requirements defined under &#8220;Floating-Point
+Computation&#8221; below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>These requirements only apply to computations performed in Vulkan operations
+outside of shader execution, such as texture image specification and
+sampling, and per-fragment operations.
+Range and precision requirements during shader execution differ and are
+specified by the <a href="#spirvenv-precision-operation">Precision and Operation of
+SPIR-V Instructions</a> section.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In some cases, the representation and/or precision of operations is
+implicitly limited by the specified format of vertex or texel data consumed
+by Vulkan.
+Specific floating-point formats are described later in this section.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-floatingpoint">2.7.1. Floating-Point Computation</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Most floating-point computation is performed in SPIR-V shader modules.
+The properties of computation within shaders are constrained as defined by
+the <a href="#spirvenv-precision-operation">Precision and Operation of SPIR-V
+Instructions</a> section.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Some floating-point computation is performed outside of shaders, such as
+viewport and depth range calculations.
+For these computations, we do not specify how floating-point numbers are to
+be represented, or the details of how operations on them are performed, but
+only place minimal requirements on representation and precision as described
+in the remainder of this section.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">editing-note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>(Jon, Bug 14966) This is a rat&#8217;s nest of complexity, both in terms of
+describing/enumerating places such computation <strong class="purple">may</strong> take place (other than
+&#8220;not shader code&#8221;) and in how implementations <strong class="purple">may</strong> do it.
+We have consciously deferred the resolution of this issue to post-1.0, and
+in the meantime, the following language inherited from the OpenGL
+Specification is inserted as a placeholder.
+Hopefully it <strong class="purple">can</strong> be tightened up considerably.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We require simply that numbers' floating-point parts contain enough bits and
+that their exponent fields are large enough so that individual results of
+floating-point operations are accurate to about 1 part in 10<sup>5</sup>.
+The maximum representable magnitude for all floating-point values <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+at least 2<sup>32</sup>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"></dt>
+<dd>
+<p><span class="eq">x × 0 = 0 × x = 0</span> for any non-infinite and
+non-<span class="eq">NaN</span> <span class="eq">x</span>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"></dt>
+<dd>
+<p><span class="eq">1 × x = x × 1 = x</span>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"></dt>
+<dd>
+<p><span class="eq">x + 0 = 0 + x = x</span>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"></dt>
+<dd>
+<p><span class="eq">0<sup>0</sup> = 1</span>.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Occasionally, further requirements will be specified.
+Most single-precision floating-point formats meet these requirements.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The special values <span class="eq">Inf</span> and <span class="eq">-Inf</span> encode values with magnitudes
+too large to be represented; the special value <span class="eq">NaN</span> encodes &#8220;Not
+A Number&#8221; values resulting from undefined arithmetic operations such
+as <span class="eq">0 / 0</span>.
+Implementations <strong class="purple">may</strong> support <span class="eq">Inf</span> and <span class="eq">NaN</span> in their floating-point
+computations.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any representable floating-point value is legal as input to a Vulkan command
+that requires floating-point data.
+The result of providing a value that is not a floating-point number to such
+a command is unspecified, but <strong class="purple">must</strong> not lead to Vulkan interruption or
+termination.
+In <a href="#ieee-754">IEEE 754</a> arithmetic, for example, providing a negative zero
+or a denormalized number to an Vulkan command <strong class="purple">must</strong> yield deterministic
+results, while providing a <span class="eq">NaN</span> or <span class="eq">Inf</span> yields unspecified
+results.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-fp16">2.7.2. 16-Bit Floating-Point Numbers</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>16-bit floating point numbers are defined in the &#8220;16-bit floating point
+numbers&#8221; section of the <a href="#data-format">Khronos Data Format Specification</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any representable 16-bit floating-point value is legal as input to a Vulkan
+command that accepts 16-bit floating-point data.
+The result of providing a value that is not a floating-point number (such as
+<span class="eq">Inf</span> or <span class="eq">NaN</span>) to such a command is unspecified, but <strong class="purple">must</strong> not lead
+to Vulkan interruption or termination.
+Providing a denormalized number or negative zero to Vulkan <strong class="purple">must</strong> yield
+deterministic results.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-fp11">2.7.3. Unsigned 11-Bit Floating-Point Numbers</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Unsigned 11-bit floating point numbers are defined in the &#8220;Unsigned 11-bit
+floating point numbers&#8221; section of the <a href="#data-format">Khronos Data Format
+Specification</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When a floating-point value is converted to an unsigned 11-bit
+floating-point representation, finite values are rounded to the closest
+representable finite value.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>While less accurate, implementations are allowed to always round in the
+direction of zero.
+This means negative values are converted to zero.
+Likewise, finite positive values greater than 65024 (the maximum finite
+representable unsigned 11-bit floating-point value) are converted to 65024.
+Additionally: negative infinity is converted to zero; positive infinity is
+converted to positive infinity; and both positive and negative <span class="eq">NaN</span> are
+converted to positive <span class="eq">NaN</span>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any representable unsigned 11-bit floating-point value is legal as input to
+a Vulkan command that accepts 11-bit floating-point data.
+The result of providing a value that is not a floating-point number (such as
+<span class="eq">Inf</span> or <span class="eq">NaN</span>) to such a command is unspecified, but <strong class="purple">must</strong> not lead
+to Vulkan interruption or termination.
+Providing a denormalized number to Vulkan <strong class="purple">must</strong> yield deterministic results.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-fp10">2.7.4. Unsigned 10-Bit Floating-Point Numbers</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Unsigned 10-bit floating point numbers are defined in the &#8220;Unsigned 10-bit
+floating point numbers&#8221; section of the <a href="#data-format">Khronos Data Format
+Specification</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When a floating-point value is converted to an unsigned 10-bit
+floating-point representation, finite values are rounded to the closest
+representable finite value.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>While less accurate, implementations are allowed to always round in the
+direction of zero.
+This means negative values are converted to zero.
+Likewise, finite positive values greater than 64512 (the maximum finite
+representable unsigned 10-bit floating-point value) are converted to 64512.
+Additionally: negative infinity is converted to zero; positive infinity is
+converted to positive infinity; and both positive and negative <span class="eq">NaN</span> are
+converted to positive <span class="eq">NaN</span>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Any representable unsigned 10-bit floating-point value is legal as input to
+a Vulkan command that accepts 10-bit floating-point data.
+The result of providing a value that is not a floating-point number (such as
+<span class="eq">Inf</span> or <span class="eq">NaN</span>) to such a command is unspecified, but <strong class="purple">must</strong> not lead
+to Vulkan interruption or termination.
+Providing a denormalized number to Vulkan <strong class="purple">must</strong> yield deterministic results.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-general">2.7.5. General Requirements</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Some calculations require division.
+In such cases (including implied divisions performed by vector
+normalization), division by zero produces an unspecified result but <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+not lead to Vulkan interruption or termination.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-fixedconv">2.8. Fixed-Point Data Conversions</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When generic vertex attributes and pixel color or depth <em>components</em> are
+represented as integers, they are often (but not always) considered to be
+<em>normalized</em>.
+Normalized integer values are treated specially when being converted to and
+from floating-point values, and are usually referred to as <em>normalized
+fixed-point</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In the remainder of this section, <span class="eq">b</span> denotes the bit width of the
+fixed-point integer representation.
+When the integer is one of the types defined by the API, <span class="eq">b</span> is the bit
+width of that type.
+When the integer comes from an <a href="#resources-images">image</a> containing color
+or depth component texels, <span class="eq">b</span> is the number of bits allocated to that
+component in its <a href="#features-formats">specified image format</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The signed and unsigned fixed-point representations are assumed to be
+<span class="eq">b</span>-bit binary two&#8217;s-complement integers and binary unsigned integers,
+respectively.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-fixedfpconv">2.8.1. Conversion from Normalized Fixed-Point to Floating-Point</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Unsigned normalized fixed-point integers represent numbers in the range
+<span class="eq">[0,1]</span>.
+The conversion from an unsigned normalized fixed-point value <span class="eq">c</span> to the
+corresponding floating-point value <span class="eq">f</span> is defined as</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stemblock">
+<div class="content">
+\[f = { c \over { 2^b - 1 } }\]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Signed normalized fixed-point integers represent numbers in the range
+<span class="eq">[-1,1]</span>.
+The conversion from a signed normalized fixed-point value <span class="eq">c</span> to the
+corresponding floating-point value <span class="eq">f</span> is performed using</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stemblock">
+<div class="content">
+\[f = \max\left( {c \over {2^{b-1} - 1}}, -1.0 \right)\]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Only the range <span class="eq">[-2<sup>b-1</sup> + 1, 2<sup>b-1</sup> - 1]</span> is used to represent signed
+fixed-point values in the range <span class="eq">[-1,1]</span>.
+For example, if <span class="eq">b = 8</span>, then the integer value <span class="eq">-127</span> corresponds
+to <span class="eq">-1.0</span> and the value 127 corresponds to <span class="eq">1.0</span>.
+Note that while zero is exactly expressible in this representation, one
+value (<span class="eq">-128</span> in the example) is outside the representable range, and
+<strong class="purple">must</strong> be clamped before use.
+This equation is used everywhere that signed normalized fixed-point values
+are converted to floating-point.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="fundamentals-fpfixedconv">2.8.2. Conversion from Floating-Point to Normalized Fixed-Point</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The conversion from a floating-point value <span class="eq">f</span> to the corresponding
+unsigned normalized fixed-point value <span class="eq">c</span> is defined by first clamping
+<span class="eq">f</span> to the range <span class="eq">[0,1]</span>, then computing</p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"></dt>
+<dd>
+<p><span class="eq">c = convertFloatToUint(f × (2<sup>b</sup> - 1), b)</span></p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>where <span class="eq">convertFloatToUint}(r,b)</span> returns one of the two unsigned binary
+integer values with exactly <span class="eq">b</span> bits which are closest to the
+floating-point value <span class="eq">r</span>.
+Implementations <strong class="purple">should</strong> round to nearest.
+If <span class="eq">r</span> is equal to an integer, then that integer value <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+returned.
+In particular, if <span class="eq">f</span> is equal to 0.0 or 1.0, then <span class="eq">c</span> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+assigned 0 or <span class="eq">2<sup>b</sup> - 1</span>, respectively.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The conversion from a floating-point value <span class="eq">f</span> to the corresponding
+signed normalized fixed-point value <span class="eq">c</span> is performed by clamping <span class="eq">f</span>
+to the range <span class="eq">[-1,1]</span>, then computing</p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"></dt>
+<dd>
+<p><span class="eq">c = convertFloatToInt(f × (2<sup>b-1</sup> - 1), b)</span></p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>where <span class="eq">convertFloatToInt(r,b)</span> returns one of the two signed
+two&#8217;s-complement binary integer values with exactly <span class="eq">b</span> bits which are
+closest to the floating-point value <span class="eq">r</span>.
+Implementations <strong class="purple">should</strong> round to nearest.
+If <span class="eq">r</span> is equal to an integer, then that integer value <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+returned.
+In particular, if <span class="eq">f</span> is equal to -1.0, 0.0, or 1.0, then <span class="eq">c</span> <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+be assigned <span class="eq">-(2<sup>b-1</sup> - 1)</span>, 0, or <span class="eq">2<sup>b-1</sup> - 1</span>, respectively.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This equation is used everywhere that floating-point values are converted to
+signed normalized fixed-point.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-versionnum">2.9. API Version Numbers and Semantics</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Vulkan version number is used in several places in the API.
+In each such use, the API <em>major version number</em>, <em>minor version number</em>,
+and <em>patch version number</em> are packed into a 32-bit integer as follows:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The major version number is a 10-bit integer packed into bits 31-22.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The minor version number is a 10-bit integer packed into bits 21-12.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The patch version number is a 12-bit integer packed into bits 11-0.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Differences in any of the Vulkan version numbers indicates a change to the
+API in some way, with each part of the version number indicating a different
+scope of changes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A difference in patch version numbers indicates that some usually small part
+of the specification or header has been modified, typically to fix a bug,
+and <strong class="purple">may</strong> have an impact on the behavior of existing functionality.
+Differences in this version number <strong class="purple">should</strong> not affect either <em>full
+compatibility</em> or <em>backwards compatibility</em> between two versions, or add
+additional interfaces to the API.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A difference in minor version numbers indicates that some amount of new
+functionality has been added.
+This will usually include new interfaces in the header, and <strong class="purple">may</strong> also
+include behavior changes and bug fixes.
+Functionality <strong class="purple">may</strong> be deprecated in a minor revision, but will not be
+removed.
+When a new minor version is introduced, the patch version is reset to 0, and
+each minor revision maintains its own set of patch versions.
+Differences in this version <strong class="purple">should</strong> not affect backwards compatibility, but
+will affect full compatibility.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A difference in major version numbers indicates a large set of changes to
+the API, potentially including new functionality and header interfaces,
+behavioral changes, removal of deprecated features, modification or outright
+replacement of any feature, and is thus very likely to break any and all
+compatibility.
+Differences in this version will typically require significant modification
+to an application in order for it to function.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>C language macros for manipulating version numbers are defined in the
+<a href="#boilerplate-versions">Version Number Macros</a> appendix.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="fundamentals-common-objects">2.10. Common Object Types</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Some types of Vulkan objects are used in many different structures and
+command parameters, and are described here.
+These types include <em>offsets</em>, <em>extents</em>, and <em>rectangles</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_offsets">2.10.1. Offsets</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Offsets are used to describe a pixel location within an image or
+framebuffer, as an (x,y) location for two-dimensional images, or an (x,y,z)
+location for three-dimensional images.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A two-dimensional offsets is defined by the structure:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkOffset2D" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkOffset2D {
+    int32_t    x;
+    int32_t    y;
+} VkOffset2D;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A three-dimensional offset is defined by the structure:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkOffset3D" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkOffset3D {
+    int32_t    x;
+    int32_t    y;
+    int32_t    z;
+} VkOffset3D;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_extents">2.10.2. Extents</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Extents are used to describe the size of a rectangular region of pixels
+within an image or framebuffer, as (width,height) for two-dimensional
+images, or as (width,height,depth) for three-dimensional images.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A two-dimensional extent is defined by the structure:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkExtent2D" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkExtent2D {
+    uint32_t    width;
+    uint32_t    height;
+} VkExtent2D;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A three-dimensional extent is defined by the structure:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkExtent3D" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkExtent3D {
+    uint32_t    width;
+    uint32_t    height;
+    uint32_t    depth;
+} VkExtent3D;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_rectangles">2.10.3. Rectangles</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Rectangles are used to describe a specified rectangular region of pixels
+within an image or framebuffer.
+Rectangles include both an offset and an extent of the same dimensionality,
+as described above.
+Two-dimensional rectangles are defined by the structure</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkRect2D" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkRect2D {
+    VkOffset2D    offset;
+    VkExtent2D    extent;
+} VkRect2D;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="initialization">3. Initialization</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Before using Vulkan, an application <strong class="purple">must</strong> initialize it by loading the
+Vulkan commands, and creating a <code>VkInstance</code> object.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="initialization-functionpointers">3.1. Command Function Pointers</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Vulkan commands are not necessarily exposed statically on a platform.
+Function pointers for all Vulkan commands <strong class="purple">can</strong> be obtained with the command:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetInstanceProcAddr" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">PFN_vkVoidFunction vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
+    VkInstance                                  instance,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span>*                                 pName);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>instance</code> is the instance that the function pointer will be
+compatible with, or <code>NULL</code> for commands not dependent on any instance.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pName</code> is the name of the command to obtain.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>vkGetInstanceProcAddr</code> itself is obtained in a platform- and loader-
+specific manner.
+Typically, the loader library will export this command as a function symbol,
+so applications <strong class="purple">can</strong> link against the loader library, or load it dynamically
+and look up the symbol using platform-specific APIs.
+Loaders are encouraged to export function symbols for all other core Vulkan
+commands as well; if this is done, then applications that use only the core
+Vulkan commands have no need to use <code>vkGetInstanceProcAddr</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The table below defines the various use cases for
+<code>vkGetInstanceProcAddr</code> and expected return value ("fp" is function
+pointer) for each case.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The returned function pointer is of type <a href="#PFN_vkVoidFunction">PFN_vkVoidFunction</a>, and must
+be cast to the type of the command being queried.</p>
+</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 80%;">
+<caption class="title">Table 1. vkGetInstanceProcAddr behavior</caption>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
+<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
+<col style="width: 33.3334%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><code>instance</code></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><code>pName</code></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">return value</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">*</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">undefined</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">invalid instance</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">*</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">undefined</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties">vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties</a></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">fp</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties">vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties</a></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">fp</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="#vkCreateInstance">vkCreateInstance</a></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">fp</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">* (any <code>pName</code> not covered above)</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">instance</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">core Vulkan command</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">fp<sup>1</sup></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">instance</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">enabled instance extension commands for <code>instance</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">fp<sup>1</sup></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">instance</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">available device extension<sup>2</sup> commands for <code>instance</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">fp<sup>1</sup></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">instance</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">* (any <code>pName</code> not covered above)</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1">1</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>The returned function pointer <strong class="purple">must</strong> only be called with a dispatchable
+object (the first parameter) that is <code>instance</code> or a child of
+<code>instance</code>.
+e.g. <code>VkInstance</code>, <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code>, <code>VkDevice</code>,
+<code>VkQueue</code>, or <code>VkCommandBuffer</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1">2</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>An &#8220;available extension&#8221; is an extension function supported by any of
+the loader, driver or layer.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>instance</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>instance</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkInstance</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pName</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a null-terminated string</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In order to support systems with multiple Vulkan implementations comprising
+heterogeneous collections of hardware and software, the function pointers
+returned by <code>vkGetInstanceProcAddr</code> <strong class="purple">may</strong> point to dispatch code, which
+calls a different real implementation for different <code>VkDevice</code> objects
+(and objects created from them).
+The overhead of this internal dispatch <strong class="purple">can</strong> be avoided by obtaining
+device-specific function pointers for any commands that use a device or
+device-child object as their dispatchable object.
+Such function pointers <strong class="purple">can</strong> be obtained with the command:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetDeviceProcAddr" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">PFN_vkVoidFunction vkGetDeviceProcAddr(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span>*                                 pName);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The table below defines the various use cases for <code>vkGetDeviceProcAddr</code>
+and expected return value for each case.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The returned function pointer is of type <a href="#PFN_vkVoidFunction">PFN_vkVoidFunction</a>, and must
+be cast to the type of the command being queried.</p>
+</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 80%;">
+<caption class="title">Table 2. vkGetDeviceProcAddr behavior</caption>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
+<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
+<col style="width: 33.3334%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><code>device</code></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><code>pName</code></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">return value</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">*</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">undefined</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">invalid device</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">*</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">undefined</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">device</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">undefined</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">device</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">core Vulkan command</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">fp<sup>1</sup></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">device</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">enabled extension commands</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">fp<sup>1</sup></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">device</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">* (any <code>pName</code> not covered above)</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>NULL</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1">1</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>The returned function pointer <strong class="purple">must</strong> only be called with a dispatchable
+object (the first parameter) that is <code>device</code> or a child of
+<code>device</code>.
+e.g. <code>VkDevice</code>, <code>VkQueue</code>, or <code>VkCommandBuffer</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pName</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a null-terminated string</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The definition of <a href="#PFN_vkVoidFunction">PFN_vkVoidFunction</a> is:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="PFN_vkVoidFunction" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="directive">void</span> (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkVoidFunction)(<span class="directive">void</span>);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_extending_physical_device_from_device_extensions">3.1.1. Extending Physical Device From Device Extensions</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When the VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2 extension is enabled,
+physical device extension commands and structures <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used with a
+physical device if the corresponding extension is enumerated by
+<a href="#vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties">vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties</a> for that physical device, even
+before a logical device has been created.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To obtain a function pointer for a physical-device command from a device
+extension, an application <strong class="purple">can</strong> use <code>vkGetInstanceProcAddr</code>.
+This function pointer <strong class="purple">may</strong> point to dispatch code, which calls a different
+real implementation for different <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> objects.
+Behavior is undefined if an extension physical-device command is called on a
+physical device that does not support the extension.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Device extensions <strong class="purple">may</strong> define structures that <strong class="purple">can</strong> be added to the
+pNext-chain of physical-device commands.
+Behavior is undefined if such an extension structure is passed to a physical
+device command for a physical device that does not support the extension.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="initialization-instances">3.2. Instances</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>There is no global state in Vulkan and all per-application state is stored
+in a <code>VkInstance</code> object.
+Creating a <code>VkInstance</code> object initializes the Vulkan library and allows
+the application to pass information about itself to the implementation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Instances are represented by <code>VkInstance</code> handles:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkInstance" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VkInstance)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To create an instance object, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkCreateInstance" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkCreateInstance(
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkInstanceCreateInfo*                 pCreateInfo,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
+    VkInstance*                                 pInstance);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> points to an instance of <a href="#VkInstanceCreateInfo">VkInstanceCreateInfo</a>
+controlling creation of the instance.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pInstance</code> points a <code>VkInstance</code> handle in which the resulting
+instance is returned.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>vkCreateInstance</code> creates the instance, then enables and initializes
+global layers and extensions requested by the application.
+If an extension is provided by a layer, both the layer and extension <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+be specified at <code>vkCreateInstance</code> time.
+If a specified layer cannot be found, no <code>VkInstance</code> will be created
+and the function will return <code>VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT</code>.
+Likewise, if a specified extension cannot be found the call will return
+<code>VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkInstanceCreateInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pInstance</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkInstance</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkInstanceCreateInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkInstanceCreateInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkInstanceCreateInfo {
+    VkStructureType             sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                 pNext;
+    VkInstanceCreateFlags       flags;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkApplicationInfo*    pApplicationInfo;
+    uint32_t                    enabledLayerCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span>* <span class="directive">const</span>*          ppEnabledLayerNames;
+    uint32_t                    enabledExtensionCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span>* <span class="directive">const</span>*          ppEnabledExtensionNames;
+} VkInstanceCreateInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> is reserved for future use.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pApplicationInfo</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an instance of
+<code>VkApplicationInfo</code>.
+If not <code>NULL</code>, this information helps implementations recognize behavior
+inherent to classes of applications.
+<a href="#VkApplicationInfo">VkApplicationInfo</a> is defined in detail below.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>enabledLayerCount</code> is the number of global layers to enable.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>ppEnabledLayerNames</code> is a pointer to an array of
+<code>enabledLayerCount</code> null-terminated UTF-8 strings containing the
+names of layers to enable for the created instance.
+See the <a href="#extended-functionality-layers">Layers</a> section for further
+details.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>enabledExtensionCount</code> is the number of global extensions to
+enable.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>ppEnabledExtensionNames</code> is a pointer to an array of
+<code>enabledExtensionCount</code> null-terminated UTF-8 strings containing the
+names of extensions to enable.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pApplicationInfo</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pApplicationInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkApplicationInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>enabledLayerCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>ppEnabledLayerNames</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>enabledLayerCount</code> null-terminated strings</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>enabledExtensionCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>ppEnabledExtensionNames</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>enabledExtensionCount</code> null-terminated strings</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When creating a Vulkan instance for which you wish to disable validation
+checks, add a <a href="#VkValidationFlagsEXT">VkValidationFlagsEXT</a> structure to the <code>pNext</code> chain
+of the <a href="#VkInstanceCreateInfo">VkInstanceCreateInfo</a> structure, specifying the checks to be
+disabled.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkValidationFlagsEXT" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkValidationFlagsEXT {
+    VkStructureType          sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*              pNext;
+    uint32_t                 disabledValidationCheckCount;
+    VkValidationCheckEXT*    pDisabledValidationChecks;
+} VkValidationFlagsEXT;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>disabledValidationCheckCount</code> is the number of checks to disable.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pDisabledValidationChecks</code> is a pointer to an array of values
+specifying the validation checks to be disabled.
+Checks which <strong class="purple">may</strong> be specified include:</p>
+<div class="openblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div id="VkValidationCheckEXT" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkValidationCheckEXT {
+    VK_VALIDATION_CHECK_ALL_EXT = <span class="integer">0</span>,
+} VkValidationCheckEXT;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_VALIDATION_CHECK_ALL_EXT</code> disables all validation checks.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VALIDATION_FLAGS_EXT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pDisabledValidationChecks</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>disabledValidationCheckCount</code> <a href="#VkValidationCheckEXT">VkValidationCheckEXT</a> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>disabledValidationCheckCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be greater than <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkApplicationInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkApplicationInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkApplicationInfo {
+    VkStructureType    sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*        pNext;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span>*        pApplicationName;
+    uint32_t           applicationVersion;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span>*        pEngineName;
+    uint32_t           engineVersion;
+    uint32_t           apiVersion;
+} VkApplicationInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pApplicationName</code> is a pointer to a null-terminated UTF-8 string
+containing the name of the application.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>applicationVersion</code> is an unsigned integer variable containing the
+developer-supplied version number of the application.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pEngineName</code> is a pointer to a null-terminated UTF-8 string
+containing the name of the engine (if any) used to create the
+application.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>engineVersion</code> is an unsigned integer variable containing the
+developer-supplied version number of the engine used to create the
+application.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>apiVersion</code> is the version of the Vulkan API against which the
+application expects to run, encoded as described in the
+<a href="#fundamentals-versionnum">API Version Numbers and Semantics</a> section.
+If <code>apiVersion</code> is 0 the implementation <strong class="purple">must</strong> ignore it, otherwise
+if the implementation does not support the requested <code>apiVersion</code> it
+<strong class="purple">must</strong> return <code>VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER</code>.
+The patch version number specified in <code>apiVersion</code> is ignored when
+creating an instance object.
+Only the major and minor versions of the instance <strong class="purple">must</strong> match those
+requested in <code>apiVersion</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>apiVersion</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be zero, or otherwise it <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a version that
+the implementation supports, or supports an effective substitute for</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pApplicationName</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pApplicationName</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a null-terminated string</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pEngineName</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pEngineName</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a null-terminated string</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To destroy an instance, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkDestroyInstance" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkDestroyInstance(
+    VkInstance                                  instance,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>instance</code> is the handle of the instance to destroy.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>All child objects created using <code>instance</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been destroyed
+prior to destroying <code>instance</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>instance</code> was
+created, a compatible set of callbacks <strong class="purple">must</strong> be provided here</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If no <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>instance</code> was
+created, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>instance</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>instance</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkInstance</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>instance</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="devsandqueues">4. Devices and Queues</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Once Vulkan is initialized, devices and queues are the primary objects used
+to interact with a Vulkan implementation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Vulkan separates the concept of <em>physical</em> and <em>logical</em> devices.
+A physical device usually represents a single device in a system (perhaps
+made up of several individual hardware devices working together), of which
+there are a finite number.
+A logical device represents an application&#8217;s view of the device.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Physical devices are represented by <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> handles:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkPhysicalDevice" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VkPhysicalDevice)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="devsandqueues-physical-device-enumeration">4.1. Physical Devices</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To retrieve a list of physical device objects representing the physical
+devices installed in the system, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(
+    VkInstance                                  instance,
+    uint32_t*                                   pPhysicalDeviceCount,
+    VkPhysicalDevice*                           pPhysicalDevices);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>instance</code> is a handle to a Vulkan instance previously created with
+<code>vkCreateInstance</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pPhysicalDeviceCount</code> is a pointer to an integer related to the
+number of physical devices available or queried, as described below.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pPhysicalDevices</code> is either <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an array of
+<code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> handles.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>pPhysicalDevices</code> is <code>NULL</code>, then the number of physical devices
+available is returned in <code>pPhysicalDeviceCount</code>.
+Otherwise, <code>pPhysicalDeviceCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> point to a variable set by the
+user to the number of elements in the <code>pPhysicalDevices</code> array, and on
+return the variable is overwritten with the number of handles actually
+written to <code>pPhysicalDevices</code>.
+If <code>pPhysicalDeviceCount</code> is less than the number of physical devices
+available, at most <code>pPhysicalDeviceCount</code> structures will be written.
+If <code>pPhysicalDeviceCount</code> is smaller than the number of physical devices
+available, <code>VK_INCOMPLETE</code> will be returned instead of <code>VK_SUCCESS</code>,
+to indicate that not all the available physical devices were returned.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>instance</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkInstance</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pPhysicalDeviceCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>uint32_t</code> value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the value referenced by <code>pPhysicalDeviceCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, and <code>pPhysicalDevices</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pPhysicalDevices</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>pPhysicalDeviceCount</code> <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_INCOMPLETE</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To query general properties of physical devices once enumerated, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(
+    VkPhysicalDevice                            physicalDevice,
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties*                 pProperties);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> is the handle to the physical device whose
+properties will be queried.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pProperties</code> points to an instance of the
+<a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceProperties">VkPhysicalDeviceProperties</a> structure, that will be filled with
+returned information.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pProperties</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkPhysicalDeviceProperties</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkPhysicalDeviceProperties</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkPhysicalDeviceProperties" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkPhysicalDeviceProperties {
+    uint32_t                            apiVersion;
+    uint32_t                            driverVersion;
+    uint32_t                            vendorID;
+    uint32_t                            deviceID;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceType                deviceType;
+    <span class="predefined-type">char</span>                                deviceName[VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME_SIZE];
+    uint8_t                             pipelineCacheUUID[VK_UUID_SIZE];
+    VkPhysicalDeviceLimits              limits;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceSparseProperties    sparseProperties;
+} VkPhysicalDeviceProperties;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>apiVersion</code> is the version of Vulkan supported by the device,
+encoded as described in the <a href="#fundamentals-versionnum">API Version
+Numbers and Semantics</a> section.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>driverVersion</code> is the vendor-specified version of the driver.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>vendorID</code> is a unique identifier for the <em>vendor</em> (see below) of
+the physical device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceID</code> is a unique identifier for the physical device among
+devices available from the vendor.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceType</code> is a <a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceType">VkPhysicalDeviceType</a> specifying the type of
+device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceName</code> is a null-terminated UTF-8 string containing the name
+of the device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pipelineCacheUUID</code> is an array of size <code>VK_UUID_SIZE</code>,
+containing 8-bit values that represent a universally unique identifier
+for the device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>limits</code> is the <a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceLimits">VkPhysicalDeviceLimits</a> structure which
+specifies device-specific limits of the physical device.
+See <a href="#features-limits">Limits</a> for details.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>sparseProperties</code> is the <a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceSparseProperties">VkPhysicalDeviceSparseProperties</a>
+structure which specifies various sparse related properties of the
+physical device.
+See <a href="#sparsememory-physicalprops">Sparse Properties</a> for details.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>vendorID</code> and <code>deviceID</code> fields are provided to allow
+applications to adapt to device characteristics that are not adequately
+exposed by other Vulkan queries.
+These <strong class="purple">may</strong> include performance profiles, hardware errata, or other
+characteristics.
+In PCI-based implementations, the low sixteen bits of <code>vendorID</code> and
+<code>deviceID</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> contain (respectively) the PCI vendor and device IDs
+associated with the hardware device, and the remaining bits <strong class="purple">must</strong> be set to
+zero.
+In non-PCI implementations, the choice of what values to return <strong class="purple">may</strong> be
+dictated by operating system or platform policies.
+It is otherwise at the discretion of the implementer, subject to the
+following constraints and guidelines:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>For purposes of physical device identification, the <em>vendor</em> of a
+physical device is the entity responsible for the most salient
+characteristics of the hardware represented by the physical device
+handle.
+In the case of a discrete GPU, this <strong class="purple">should</strong> be the GPU chipset vendor.
+In the case of a GPU or other accelerator integrated into a
+system-on-chip (SoC), this <strong class="purple">should</strong> be the supplier of the silicon IP
+used to create the GPU or other accelerator.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the vendor of the physical device has a valid PCI vendor ID issued by
+<a href="https://pcisig.com/">PCI-SIG</a>, that ID <strong class="purple">should</strong> be used to construct
+<code>vendorID</code> as described above for PCI-based implementations.
+Implementations that do not return a PCI vendor ID in <code>vendorID</code>
+<strong class="purple">must</strong> return a valid Khronos vendor ID, obtained as described in the
+<a href="#vulkan-styleguide">Vulkan Documentation and Extensions</a> document in
+the section &#8220;Registering a Vendor ID with Khronos&#8221;.
+Khronos vendor IDs are allocated starting at 0x10000, to distinguish
+them from the PCI vendor ID namespace.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The vendor of the physical device is responsible for selecting
+<code>deviceID</code>.
+The value selected <strong class="purple">should</strong> uniquely identify both the device version and
+any major configuration options (for example, core count in the case of
+multicore devices).
+The same device ID <strong class="purple">should</strong> be used for all physical implementations of
+that device version and configuration.
+For example, all uses of a specific silicon IP GPU version and
+configuration <strong class="purple">should</strong> use the same device ID, even if those uses occur
+in different SoCs.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The physical devices types are:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkPhysicalDeviceType" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkPhysicalDeviceType {
+    VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_OTHER = <span class="integer">0</span>,
+    VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_INTEGRATED_GPU = <span class="integer">1</span>,
+    VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU = <span class="integer">2</span>,
+    VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_VIRTUAL_GPU = <span class="integer">3</span>,
+    VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU = <span class="integer">4</span>,
+} VkPhysicalDeviceType;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_OTHER</code> The device does not match any other
+available types.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_INTEGRATED_GPU</code> The device is typically one
+embedded in or tightly coupled with the host.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU</code> The device is typically a
+separate processor connected to the host via an interlink.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_VIRTUAL_GPU</code> The device is typically a
+virtual node in a virtualization environment.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU</code> The device is typically running on the
+same processors as the host.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The physical device type is advertised for informational purposes only, and
+does not directly affect the operation of the system.
+However, the device type <strong class="purple">may</strong> correlate with other advertised properties or
+capabilities of the system, such as how many memory heaps there are.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To query general properties of physical devices once enumerated, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR(
+    VkPhysicalDevice                            physicalDevice,
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR*             pProperties);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> is the handle to the physical device whose
+properties will be queried.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pProperties</code> points to an instance of the
+<a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR">VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR</a> structure, that will be filled with
+returned information.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Each structure in <code>pProperties</code> and its <code>pNext</code> chain contain
+members corresponding to properties or implementation-dependent limits.
+<code>vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR</code> writes each member to a value
+indicating the value of that property or limit.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pProperties</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR {
+    VkStructureType               sType;
+    <span class="directive">void</span>*                         pNext;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties    properties;
+} VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>properties</code> is a structure of type <a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceProperties">VkPhysicalDeviceProperties</a>
+describing the properties of the physical device.
+This structure is written with the same values as if it were written by
+<a href="#vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties">vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>pNext</code> chain of this structure is used to extend the structure with
+properties defined by extensions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To query the UUID and LUID of a device, add
+<a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceIDPropertiesKHX">VkPhysicalDeviceIDPropertiesKHX</a> to the <code>pNext</code> chain of the
+<a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR">VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR</a> structure.
+The <code>VkPhysicalDeviceIDPropertiesKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkPhysicalDeviceIDPropertiesKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkPhysicalDeviceIDPropertiesKHX {
+    VkStructureType    sType;
+    <span class="directive">void</span>*              pNext;
+    uint8_t            deviceUUID[VK_UUID_SIZE];
+    uint8_t            driverUUID[VK_UUID_SIZE];
+    uint8_t            deviceLUID[VK_LUID_SIZE_KHX];
+    VkBool32           deviceLUIDValid;
+} VkPhysicalDeviceIDPropertiesKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceUUID</code> is an array of size <code>VK_UUID_SIZE</code>, containing
+8-bit values that represent a universally unique identifier for the
+device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>driverUUID</code> is an array of size <code>VK_UUID_SIZE</code>, containing
+8-bit values that represent a universally unique identifier for the
+driver build in use by the device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceLUID</code> is an array of size <code>VK_LUID_SIZE_KHX</code>, containing
+8-bit values that represent a locally unique identifier for the device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceLUIDValid</code> is a boolean value that will be <code>VK_TRUE</code> if
+<code>deviceLUID</code> contains a valid LUID, and <code>VK_FALSE</code> if it does
+not.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>deviceUUID</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be immutable for a given device across instances,
+processes, driver APIs, and system reboots.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If a pair of driver components support sharing external objects with each other
+through any handle type in <a href="#VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagsKHX">VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagsKHX</a>,
+then <code>driverUUID</code> must be identical in both components.
+(This restriction does not apply to external objects shared through
+<code>VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_DMA_BUF_BIT_MESAX</code>).
+Applications <strong class="purple">can</strong> compare this value across instance and process boundaries,
+and <strong class="purple">can</strong> make similar queries in external APIs to determine whether they are
+capable of sharing memory objects and resources using them with the device.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>deviceLUIDValid</code> is <code>VK_FALSE</code>, the contents of <code>deviceLUID</code>
+are undefined.
+If <code>deviceLUIDValid</code> is <code>VK_TRUE</code> and Vulkan is running on the
+Windows operating system, the contents of <code>deviceLUID</code> <strong class="purple">can</strong> be cast to
+an <code>LUID</code> object and <strong class="purple">must</strong> be equal to the locally unique identifier of
+a <code>IDXGIAdapter1</code> object that corresponds to <code>physicalDevice</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Although they have identical descriptions,
+<a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceIDPropertiesKHX">VkPhysicalDeviceIDPropertiesKHX</a>::<code>deviceUUID</code> may differ from
+<a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR">VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR</a>::<code>pipelineCacheUUID</code>.
+The former is intended to identify and correlate devices across API and
+driver boundaries, while the latter is used to identify a compatible device
+and driver combination to use when serializing and de-serializing pipeline
+state.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To query properties of queues available on a physical device, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(
+    VkPhysicalDevice                            physicalDevice,
+    uint32_t*                                   pQueueFamilyPropertyCount,
+    VkQueueFamilyProperties*                    pQueueFamilyProperties);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> is the handle to the physical device whose
+properties will be queried.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> is a pointer to an integer related to
+the number of queue families available or queried, as described below.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code> is either <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an array
+of <a href="#VkQueueFamilyProperties">VkQueueFamilyProperties</a> structures.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code> is <code>NULL</code>, then the number of queue families
+available is returned in <code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code>.
+Otherwise, <code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> point to a variable set by
+the user to the number of elements in the <code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code>
+array, and on return the variable is overwritten with the number of
+structures actually written to <code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code>.
+If <code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> is less than the number of queue families
+available, at most <code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> structures will be
+written.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>uint32_t</code> value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the value referenced by <code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, and <code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> <code>VkQueueFamilyProperties</code> structures</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkQueueFamilyProperties</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkQueueFamilyProperties" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkQueueFamilyProperties {
+    VkQueueFlags    queueFlags;
+    uint32_t        queueCount;
+    uint32_t        timestampValidBits;
+    VkExtent3D      minImageTransferGranularity;
+} VkQueueFamilyProperties;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueFlags</code> contains flags indicating the capabilities of the
+queues in this queue family.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueCount</code> is the unsigned integer count of queues in this queue
+family.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>timestampValidBits</code> is the unsigned integer count of meaningful
+bits in the timestamps written via <code>vkCmdWriteTimestamp</code>.
+The valid range for the count is 36..64 bits, or a value of 0,
+indicating no support for timestamps.
+Bits outside the valid range are guaranteed to be zeros.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>minImageTransferGranularity</code> is the minimum granularity supported
+for image transfer operations on the queues in this queue family.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The bits specified in <code>queueFlags</code> are:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkQueueFlagBits" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkQueueFlagBits {
+    VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000001</span>,
+    VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000002</span>,
+    VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000004</span>,
+    VK_QUEUE_SPARSE_BINDING_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000008</span>,
+} VkQueueFlagBits;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>if <code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code> is set, then the queues in this queue
+family support graphics operations.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>if <code>VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT</code> is set, then the queues in this queue
+family support compute operations.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>if <code>VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT</code> is set, then the queues in this queue
+family support transfer operations.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>if <code>VK_QUEUE_SPARSE_BINDING_BIT</code> is set, then the queues in this
+queue family support sparse memory management operations (see
+<a href="#sparsememory">Sparse Resources</a>).
+If any of the sparse resource features are enabled, then at least one
+queue family <strong class="purple">must</strong> support this bit.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If an implementation exposes any queue family that supports graphics
+operations, at least one queue family of at least one physical device
+exposed by the implementation <strong class="purple">must</strong> support both graphics and compute
+operations.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>All commands that are allowed on a queue that supports transfer operations
+are also allowed on a queue that supports either graphics or compute
+operations thus if the capabilities of a queue family include
+<code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code> or <code>VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT</code> then reporting the
+<code>VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT</code> capability separately for that queue family is
+<strong class="purple">optional</strong>.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For further details see <a href="#devsandqueues-queues">Queues</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The value returned in <code>minImageTransferGranularity</code> has a unit of
+compressed texel blocks for images having a block-compressed format, and a
+unit of texels otherwise.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Possible values of <code>minImageTransferGranularity</code> are:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><span class="eq">(0,0,0)</span> which indicates that only whole mip levels <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+transferred using the image transfer operations on the corresponding
+queues.
+In this case, the following restrictions apply to all offset and extent
+parameters of image transfer operations:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, and <code>z</code> members of a <a href="#VkOffset3D">VkOffset3D</a>
+parameter <strong class="purple">must</strong> always be zero.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>width</code>, <code>height</code>, and <code>depth</code> members of a
+<a href="#VkExtent3D">VkExtent3D</a> parameter <strong class="purple">must</strong> always match the width, height, and
+depth of the image subresource corresponding to the parameter,
+respectively.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><span class="eq">(A<sub>x</sub>, A<sub>y</sub>, A<sub>z</sub>)</span> where <span class="eq">A<sub>x</sub></span>, <span class="eq">A<sub>y</sub></span>, and <span class="eq">A<sub>z</sub></span>
+are all integer powers of two.
+In this case the following restrictions apply to all image transfer
+operations:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, and <code>z</code> of a <a href="#VkOffset3D">VkOffset3D</a> parameter <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+integer multiples of <span class="eq">A<sub>x</sub></span>, <span class="eq">A<sub>y</sub></span>, and <span class="eq">A<sub>z</sub></span>,
+respectively.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>width</code> of a <a href="#VkExtent3D">VkExtent3D</a> parameter <strong class="purple">must</strong> be an integer
+multiple of <span class="eq">A<sub>x</sub></span>, or else <span class="eq"><code>x</code> + <code>width</code></span> <strong class="purple">must</strong> equal
+the width of the image subresource corresponding to the parameter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>height</code> of a <a href="#VkExtent3D">VkExtent3D</a> parameter <strong class="purple">must</strong> be an integer
+multiple of <span class="eq">A<sub>y</sub></span>, or else <span class="eq"><code>y</code> + <code>height</code></span> <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+equal the height of the image subresource corresponding to the
+parameter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>depth</code> of a <a href="#VkExtent3D">VkExtent3D</a> parameter <strong class="purple">must</strong> be an integer
+multiple of <span class="eq">A<sub>z</sub></span>, or else <span class="eq"><code>z</code> + <code>depth</code></span> <strong class="purple">must</strong> equal
+the depth of the image subresource corresponding to the parameter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the format of the image corresponding to the parameters is one of
+the block-compressed formats then for the purposes of the above
+calculations the granularity <strong class="purple">must</strong> be scaled up by the compressed texel
+block dimensions.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Queues supporting graphics and/or compute operations <strong class="purple">must</strong> report
+<span class="eq">(1,1,1)</span> in <code>minImageTransferGranularity</code>, meaning that there are
+no additional restrictions on the granularity of image transfer operations
+for these queues.
+Other queues supporting image transfer operations are only <strong class="purple">required</strong> to
+support whole mip level transfers, thus <code>minImageTransferGranularity</code>
+for queues belonging to such queue families <strong class="purple">may</strong> be <span class="eq">(0,0,0)</span>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <a href="#memory-device">Device Memory</a> section describes memory properties
+queried from the physical device.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For physical device feature queries see the <a href="#features">Features</a> chapter.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To query properties of queues available on a physical device, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties2KHR" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties2KHR(
+    VkPhysicalDevice                            physicalDevice,
+    uint32_t*                                   pQueueFamilyPropertyCount,
+    VkQueueFamilyProperties2KHR*                pQueueFamilyProperties);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> is the handle to the physical device whose
+properties will be queried.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> is a pointer to an integer related to
+the number of queue families available or queried, as described in
+<a href="#vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties">vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code> is either <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an array
+of <a href="#VkQueueFamilyProperties2KHR">VkQueueFamilyProperties2KHR</a> structures.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties2KHR</code> behaves similarly to
+<a href="#vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties">vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties</a>, with the ability to return
+extended information via chained output structures.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>uint32_t</code> value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the value referenced by <code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, and <code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> <code>VkQueueFamilyProperties2KHR</code> structures</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkQueueFamilyProperties2KHR</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkQueueFamilyProperties2KHR" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkQueueFamilyProperties2KHR {
+    VkStructureType            sType;
+    <span class="directive">void</span>*                      pNext;
+    VkQueueFamilyProperties    queueFamilyProperties;
+} VkQueueFamilyProperties2KHR;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueFamilyProperties</code> is a structure of type
+<a href="#VkQueueFamilyProperties">VkQueueFamilyProperties</a> which is populated with the same values as
+in <a href="#vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties">vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="devsandqueues-devices">4.2. Devices</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Device objects represent logical connections to physical devices.
+Each device exposes a number of <em>queue families</em> each having one or more
+<em>queues</em>.
+All queues in a queue family support the same operations.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As described in <a href="#devsandqueues-physical-device-enumeration">Physical
+Devices</a>, a Vulkan application will first query for all physical devices in
+a system.
+Each physical device <strong class="purple">can</strong> then be queried for its capabilities, including
+its queue and queue family properties.
+Once an acceptable physical device is identified, an application will create
+a corresponding logical device.
+An application <strong class="purple">must</strong> create a separate logical device for each physical
+device it will use.
+The created logical device is then the primary interface to the physical
+device.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>How to enumerate the physical devices in a system and query those physical
+devices for their queue family properties is described in the
+<a href="#devsandqueues-physical-device-enumeration">Physical Device Enumeration</a>
+section above.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A single logical device <strong class="purple">can</strong> also be created from multiple physical devices,
+if those physical devices belong to the same device group.
+A <em>device group</em> is a set of physical devices that support accessing each
+other&#8217;s memory and recording a single command buffer that <strong class="purple">can</strong> be executed
+on all the physical devices.
+Device groups are enumerated by calling
+<a href="#vkEnumeratePhysicalDeviceGroupsKHX">vkEnumeratePhysicalDeviceGroupsKHX</a>, and a logical device is created
+from a subset of the physical devices in a device group by passing the
+physical devices through <a href="#VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX">VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To retrieve a list of the device groups present in the system, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkEnumeratePhysicalDeviceGroupsKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkEnumeratePhysicalDeviceGroupsKHX(
+    VkInstance                                  instance,
+    uint32_t*                                   pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount,
+    VkPhysicalDeviceGroupPropertiesKHX*         pPhysicalDeviceGroupProperties);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>instance</code> is a handle to a Vulkan instance previously created with
+<code>vkCreateInstance</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount</code> is a pointer to an integer related to
+the number of device groups available or queried, as described below.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupProperties</code> is either <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an
+array of <a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceGroupPropertiesKHX">VkPhysicalDeviceGroupPropertiesKHX</a> structures.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupProperties</code> is <code>NULL</code>, then the number of device
+groups available is returned in <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount</code>.
+Otherwise, <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> point to a variable set by
+the user to the number of elements in the
+<code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupProperties</code> array, and on return the variable is
+overwritten with the number of structures actually written to
+<code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupProperties</code>.
+If <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount</code> is less than the number of device groups
+available, at most <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount</code> structures will be
+written.
+If <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount</code> is smaller than the number of device
+groups available, <code>VK_INCOMPLETE</code> will be returned instead of
+<code>VK_SUCCESS</code>, to indicate that not all the available device groups were
+returned.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Every physical device <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in exactly one device group.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>instance</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkInstance</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>uint32_t</code> value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the value referenced by <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, and <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupProperties</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupProperties</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>pPhysicalDeviceGroupCount</code> <code>VkPhysicalDeviceGroupPropertiesKHX</code> structures</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_INCOMPLETE</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkPhysicalDeviceGroupPropertiesKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkPhysicalDeviceGroupPropertiesKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkPhysicalDeviceGroupPropertiesKHX {
+    VkStructureType     sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*         pNext;
+    uint32_t            physicalDeviceCount;
+    VkPhysicalDevice    physicalDevices[VK_MAX_DEVICE_GROUP_SIZE_KHX];
+    VkBool32            subsetAllocation;
+} VkPhysicalDeviceGroupPropertiesKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDeviceCount</code> is the number of physical devices in the
+group.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevices</code> is an array of physical device handles
+representing all physical devices in the group.
+The first <code>physicalDeviceCount</code> elements of the array will be valid.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>subsetAllocation</code> indicates whether logical devices created from
+the group support allocating device memory on a subset of devices, via
+the <code>deviceMask</code> member of the <a href="#VkMemoryAllocateFlagsInfoKHX">VkMemoryAllocateFlagsInfoKHX</a>.
+If this is <code>VK_FALSE</code>, then all device memory allocations are made
+across all physical devices in the group.
+If <code>physicalDeviceCount</code> is <code>1</code>, then <code>subsetAllocation</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+be <code>VK_FALSE</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-device-creation">4.2.1. Device Creation</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Logical devices are represented by <code>VkDevice</code> handles:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkDevice" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VkDevice)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A logical device is created as a <em>connection</em> to a physical device.
+To create a logical device, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkCreateDevice" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkCreateDevice(
+    VkPhysicalDevice                            physicalDevice,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkDeviceCreateInfo*                   pCreateInfo,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
+    VkDevice*                                   pDevice);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be one of the device handles returned from a
+call to <code>vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices</code> (see
+<a href="#devsandqueues-physical-device-enumeration">Physical Device
+Enumeration</a>).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> is a pointer to a <a href="#VkDeviceCreateInfo">VkDeviceCreateInfo</a> structure
+containing information about how to create the device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pDevice</code> points to a handle in which the created <code>VkDevice</code> is
+returned.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Multiple logical devices <strong class="purple">can</strong> be created from the same physical device.
+Logical device creation <strong class="purple">may</strong> fail due to lack of device-specific resources
+(in addition to the other errors).
+If that occurs, <code>vkCreateDevice</code> will return
+<code>VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDevice</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkDeviceCreateInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pDevice</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkDeviceCreateInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkDeviceCreateInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkDeviceCreateInfo {
+    VkStructureType                    sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                        pNext;
+    VkDeviceCreateFlags                flags;
+    uint32_t                           queueCreateInfoCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo*     pQueueCreateInfos;
+    uint32_t                           enabledLayerCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span>* <span class="directive">const</span>*                 ppEnabledLayerNames;
+    uint32_t                           enabledExtensionCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span>* <span class="directive">const</span>*                 ppEnabledExtensionNames;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures*    pEnabledFeatures;
+} VkDeviceCreateInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> is reserved for future use.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueCreateInfoCount</code> is the unsigned integer size of the
+<code>pQueueCreateInfos</code> array.
+Refer to the <a href="#devsandqueues-queue-creation">Queue Creation</a> section
+below for further details.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueueCreateInfos</code> is a pointer to an array of
+<a href="#VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo">VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo</a> structures describing the queues that are
+requested to be created along with the logical device.
+Refer to the <a href="#devsandqueues-queue-creation">Queue Creation</a> section
+below for further details.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>enabledLayerCount</code> is deprecated and ignored.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>ppEnabledLayerNames</code> is deprecated and ignored.
+See <a href="#extended-functionality-device-layer-deprecation">Device Layer
+Deprecation</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>enabledExtensionCount</code> is the number of device extensions to
+enable.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>ppEnabledExtensionNames</code> is a pointer to an array of
+<code>enabledExtensionCount</code> null-terminated UTF-8 strings containing the
+names of extensions to enable for the created device.
+See the <a href="#extended-functionality-extensions">Extensions</a> section for
+further details.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pEnabledFeatures</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to a
+<a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures">VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures</a> structure that contains boolean
+indicators of all the features to be enabled.
+Refer to the <a href="#features-features">Features</a> section for further details.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>queueFamilyIndex</code> member of any given element of
+<code>pQueueCreateInfos</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be unique within <code>pQueueCreateInfos</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the <code>pNext</code> chain includes a <a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR">VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR</a>
+structure, then <code>pEnabledFeatures</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>ppEnabledExtensionNames</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not contain both
+<code>VK_KHR_maintenance1</code> and <code>VK_AMD_negative_viewport_height</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code>, or a pointer to a valid instance of <a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR">VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR</a>, <a href="#VkPhysicalDeviceMultiviewFeaturesKHX">VkPhysicalDeviceMultiviewFeaturesKHX</a>, or <a href="#VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX">VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueueCreateInfos</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>queueCreateInfoCount</code> valid <code>VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo</code> structures</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>enabledLayerCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>ppEnabledLayerNames</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>enabledLayerCount</code> null-terminated strings</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>enabledExtensionCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>ppEnabledExtensionNames</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>enabledExtensionCount</code> null-terminated strings</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pEnabledFeatures</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pEnabledFeatures</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueCreateInfoCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be greater than <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A logical device <strong class="purple">can</strong> be created that connects to one or more physical
+devices by including a <code>VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX</code> structure in
+the <code>pNext</code> chain of <a href="#VkDeviceCreateInfo">VkDeviceCreateInfo</a>.
+The <code>VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX {
+    VkStructureType            sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                pNext;
+    uint32_t                   physicalDeviceCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkPhysicalDevice*    pPhysicalDevices;
+} VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>physicalDeviceCount</code> is the number of elements in the
+<code>pPhysicalDevices</code> array.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pPhysicalDevices</code> is an array of physical device handles belonging
+to the same device group.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The elements of the <code>pPhysicalDevices</code> array are an ordered list of the
+physical devices that the logical device represents.
+These must be a subset of a single device group, and need not be in the same
+order as they were enumerated.
+The order of the physical devices in the <code>pPhysicalDevices</code> array
+determines the <em>device index</em> of each physical device, with element <span class="eq">i</span>
+being assigned a device index of <span class="eq">i</span>.
+Certain commands and structures refer to one or more physical devices by
+using device indices or <em>device masks</em> formed using device indices.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A logical device created without using
+<code>VkDeviceGroupDeviceCreateInfoKHX</code>, or with <code>physicalDeviceCount</code>
+equal to zero, is equivalent to a <code>physicalDeviceCount</code> of one and
+<code>pPhysicalDevices</code> pointing to the <code>physicalDevice</code> parameter to
+<a href="#vkCreateDevice">vkCreateDevice</a>.
+In particular, the device index of that physical device is zero.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of <code>pPhysicalDevices</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be unique</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>All elements of <code>pPhysicalDevices</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in the same device group
+as enumerated by <a href="#vkEnumeratePhysicalDeviceGroupsKHX">vkEnumeratePhysicalDeviceGroupsKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>physicalDeviceCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, the <code>physicalDevice</code>
+parameter of <a href="#vkCreateDevice">vkCreateDevice</a> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be an element of
+<code>pPhysicalDevices</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_GROUP_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>physicalDeviceCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pPhysicalDevices</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>physicalDeviceCount</code> valid <code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-use">4.2.2. Device Use</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The following is a high-level list of <code>VkDevice</code> uses along with
+references on where to find more information:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Creation of queues.
+See the <a href="#devsandqueues-queues">Queues</a> section below for further
+details.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Creation and tracking of various synchronization constructs.
+See <a href="#synchronization">Synchronization and Cache Control</a> for further
+details.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Allocating, freeing, and managing memory.
+See <a href="#memory">Memory Allocation</a> and <a href="#resources">Resource Creation</a> for
+further details.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Creation and destruction of command buffers and command buffer pools.
+See <a href="#commandbuffers">Command Buffers</a> for further details.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Creation, destruction, and management of graphics state.
+See <a href="#pipelines">Pipelines</a> and <a href="#descriptorsets">Resource Descriptors</a>,
+among others, for further details.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-lost-device">4.2.3. Lost Device</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A logical device <strong class="purple">may</strong> become <em>lost</em> because of hardware errors, execution
+timeouts, power management events and/or platform-specific events.
+This <strong class="purple">may</strong> cause pending and future command execution to fail and cause
+hardware resources to be corrupted.
+When this happens, certain commands will return <code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code>
+(see <a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Error Codes</a> for a list of such commands).
+After any such event, the logical device is considered <em>lost</em>.
+It is not possible to reset the logical device to a non-lost state, however
+the lost state is specific to a logical device (<code>VkDevice</code>), and the
+corresponding physical device (<code>VkPhysicalDevice</code>) <strong class="purple">may</strong> be otherwise
+unaffected.
+In some cases, the physical device <strong class="purple">may</strong> also be lost, and attempting to
+create a new logical device will fail, returning <code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code>.
+This is usually indicative of a problem with the underlying hardware, or its
+connection to the host.
+If the physical device has not been lost, and a new logical device is
+successfully created from that physical device, it <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in the non-lost
+state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Whilst logical device loss <strong class="purple">may</strong> be recoverable, in the case of physical
+device loss, it is unlikely that an application will be able to recover
+unless additional, unaffected physical devices exist on the system.
+The error is largely informational and intended only to inform the user that
+their hardware has probably developed a fault or become physically
+disconnected, and <strong class="purple">should</strong> be investigated further.
+In many cases, physical device loss <strong class="purple">may</strong> cause other more serious issues
+such as the operating system crashing; in which case it <strong class="purple">may</strong> not be reported
+via the Vulkan API.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Undefined behavior caused by an application error <strong class="purple">may</strong> cause a device to
+become lost.
+However, such undefined behavior <strong class="purple">may</strong> also cause unrecoverable damage to the
+process, and it is then not guaranteed that the API objects, including the
+<code>VkPhysicalDevice</code> or the <code>VkInstance</code> are still valid or that the
+error is recoverable.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When a device is lost, its child objects are not implicitly destroyed and
+their handles are still valid.
+Those objects <strong class="purple">must</strong> still be destroyed before their parents or the device
+<strong class="purple">can</strong> be destroyed (see the <a href="#fundamentals-objectmodel-lifetime">Object
+Lifetime</a> section).
+The host address space corresponding to device memory mapped using
+<a href="#vkMapMemory">vkMapMemory</a> is still valid, and host memory accesses to these mapped
+regions are still valid, but the contents are undefined.
+It is still legal to call any API command on the device and child objects.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Once a device is lost, command execution <strong class="purple">may</strong> fail, and commands that return
+a <a href="#VkResult">VkResult</a> <strong class="purple">may</strong> return <code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code>.
+Commands that do not allow run-time errors <strong class="purple">must</strong> still operate correctly for
+valid usage and, if applicable, return valid data.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Commands that wait indefinitely for device execution (namely
+<a href="#vkDeviceWaitIdle">vkDeviceWaitIdle</a>, <a href="#vkQueueWaitIdle">vkQueueWaitIdle</a>, <a href="#vkWaitForFences">vkWaitForFences</a>
+or <a href="#vkAcquireNextImageKHR">vkAcquireNextImageKHR</a>
+with a maximum <code>timeout</code>, and <a href="#vkGetQueryPoolResults">vkGetQueryPoolResults</a> with the
+<code>VK_QUERY_RESULT_WAIT_BIT</code> bit set in <code>flags</code>) <strong class="purple">must</strong> return in
+finite time even in the case of a lost device, and return either
+<code>VK_SUCCESS</code> or <code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code>.
+For any command that <strong class="purple">may</strong> return <code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code>, for the purpose
+of determining whether a command buffer is pending execution, or whether
+resources are considered in-use by the device, a return value of
+<code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code> is equivalent to <code>VK_SUCCESS</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">editing-note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>TODO (piman) - I do not think we are very clear about what &#8220;in-use by the
+device&#8221; means.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-destruction">4.2.4. Device Destruction</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To destroy a device, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkDestroyDevice" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkDestroyDevice(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device to destroy.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To ensure that no work is active on the device, <a href="#vkDeviceWaitIdle">vkDeviceWaitIdle</a> <strong class="purple">can</strong>
+be used to gate the destruction of the device.
+Prior to destroying a device, an application is responsible for
+destroying/freeing any Vulkan objects that were created using that device as
+the first parameter of the corresponding <code>vkCreate</code>* or
+<code>vkAllocate</code>* command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The lifetime of each of these objects is bound by the lifetime of the
+<code>VkDevice</code> object.
+Therefore, to avoid resource leaks, it is critical that an application
+explicitly free all of these resources prior to calling
+<code>vkDestroyDevice</code>.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>All child objects created on <code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been destroyed
+prior to destroying <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>device</code> was
+created, a compatible set of callbacks <strong class="purple">must</strong> be provided here</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If no <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>device</code> was
+created, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>device</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="devsandqueues-queues">4.3. Queues</h3>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-queueprops">4.3.1. Queue Family Properties</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As discussed in the <a href="#devsandqueues-physical-device-enumeration">Physical
+Device Enumeration</a> section above, the
+<a href="#vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties">vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties</a> command is used to retrieve
+details about the queue families and queues supported by a device.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Each index in the <code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code> array returned by
+<a href="#vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties">vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties</a> describes a unique queue
+family on that physical device.
+These indices are used when creating queues, and they correspond directly
+with the <code>queueFamilyIndex</code> that is passed to the <a href="#vkCreateDevice">vkCreateDevice</a>
+command via the <a href="#VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo">VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo</a> structure as described in the
+<a href="#devsandqueues-queue-creation">Queue Creation</a> section below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Grouping of queue families within a physical device is
+implementation-dependent.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The general expectation is that a physical device groups all queues of
+matching capabilities into a single family.
+However, this is a recommendation to implementations and it is possible that
+a physical device <strong class="purple">may</strong> return two separate queue families with the same
+capabilities.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Once an application has identified a physical device with the queue(s) that
+it desires to use, it will create those queues in conjunction with a logical
+device.
+This is described in the following section.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-queue-creation">4.3.2. Queue Creation</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Creating a logical device also creates the queues associated with that
+device.
+The queues to create are described by a set of <a href="#VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo">VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo</a>
+structures that are passed to <a href="#vkCreateDevice">vkCreateDevice</a> in
+<code>pQueueCreateInfos</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Queues are represented by <code>VkQueue</code> handles:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkQueue" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VkQueue)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo {
+    VkStructureType             sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                 pNext;
+    VkDeviceQueueCreateFlags    flags;
+    uint32_t                    queueFamilyIndex;
+    uint32_t                    queueCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">float</span>*                pQueuePriorities;
+} VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> is reserved for future use.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueFamilyIndex</code> is an unsigned integer indicating the index of
+the queue family to create on this device.
+This index corresponds to the index of an element of the
+<code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code> array that was returned by
+<code>vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueCount</code> is an unsigned integer specifying the number of queues
+to create in the queue family indicated by <code>queueFamilyIndex</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueuePriorities</code> is an array of <code>queueCount</code> normalized
+floating point values, specifying priorities of work that will be
+submitted to each created queue.
+See <a href="#devsandqueues-priority">Queue Priority</a> for more information.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueFamilyIndex</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be less than
+<code>pQueueFamilyPropertyCount</code> returned by
+<code>vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be less than or equal to the <code>queueCount</code>
+member of the <code>VkQueueFamilyProperties</code> structure, as returned by
+<code>vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties</code> in the
+<code>pQueueFamilyProperties</code>[<code>queueFamilyIndex</code>]</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of <code>pQueuePriorities</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be between <code>0.0</code> and <code>1.0</code>
+inclusive</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueuePriorities</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>queueCount</code> <code>float</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be greater than <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To retrieve a handle to a VkQueue object, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetDeviceQueue" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkGetDeviceQueue(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    uint32_t                                    queueFamilyIndex,
+    uint32_t                                    queueIndex,
+    VkQueue*                                    pQueue);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the queue.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueFamilyIndex</code> is the index of the queue family to which the
+queue belongs.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueIndex</code> is the index within this queue family of the queue to
+retrieve.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueue</code> is a pointer to a <code>VkQueue</code> object that will be filled
+with the handle for the requested queue.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueFamilyIndex</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be one of the queue family indices
+specified when <code>device</code> was created, via the
+<code>VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueIndex</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be less than the number of queues created for the
+specified queue family index when <code>device</code> was created, via the
+<code>queueCount</code> member of the <code>VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pQueue</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkQueue</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-index">4.3.3. Queue Family Index</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The queue family index is used in multiple places in Vulkan in order to tie
+operations to a specific family of queues.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When retrieving a handle to the queue via <code>vkGetDeviceQueue</code>, the queue
+family index is used to select which queue family to retrieve the
+<code>VkQueue</code> handle from as described in the previous section.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When creating a <code>VkCommandPool</code> object (see
+<a href="#commandbuffers-pools">Command Pools</a>), a queue family index is specified
+in the <a href="#VkCommandPoolCreateInfo">VkCommandPoolCreateInfo</a> structure.
+Command buffers from this pool <strong class="purple">can</strong> only be submitted on queues
+corresponding to this queue family.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When creating <code>VkImage</code> (see <a href="#resources-images">Images</a>) and
+<code>VkBuffer</code> (see <a href="#resources-buffers">Buffers</a>) resources, a set of queue
+families is included in the <a href="#VkImageCreateInfo">VkImageCreateInfo</a> and
+<a href="#VkBufferCreateInfo">VkBufferCreateInfo</a> structures to specify the queue families that <strong class="purple">can</strong>
+access the resource.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When inserting a <a href="#VkBufferMemoryBarrier">VkBufferMemoryBarrier</a> or <a href="#VkImageMemoryBarrier">VkImageMemoryBarrier</a>
+(see <a href="#synchronization-events">Events</a>) a source and destination queue family index
+is specified to allow the ownership of a buffer or image to be transferred
+from one queue family to another.
+See the <a href="#resources-sharing">Resource Sharing</a> section for details.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-priority">4.3.4. Queue Priority</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Each queue is assigned a priority, as set in the
+<a href="#VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo">VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo</a> structures when creating the device.
+The priority of each queue is a normalized floating point value between 0.0
+and 1.0, which is then translated to a discrete priority level by the
+implementation.
+Higher values indicate a higher priority, with 0.0 being the lowest priority
+and 1.0 being the highest.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Within the same device, queues with higher priority <strong class="purple">may</strong> be allotted more
+processing time than queues with lower priority.
+The implementation makes no guarantees with regards to ordering or
+scheduling among queues with the same priority, other than the constraints
+defined by any <a href="#synchronization">explicit synchronization primitives</a>.
+The implementation make no guarantees with regards to queues across
+different devices.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>An implementation <strong class="purple">may</strong> allow a higher-priority queue to starve a
+lower-priority queue on the same <code>VkDevice</code> until the higher-priority
+queue has no further commands to execute.
+The relationship of queue priorities <strong class="purple">must</strong> not cause queues on one VkDevice
+to starve queues on another <code>VkDevice</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>No specific guarantees are made about higher priority queues receiving more
+processing time or better quality of service than lower priority queues.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-submission">4.3.5. Queue Submission</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Work is submitted to a queue via <em>queue submission</em> commands such as
+<a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a>.
+Queue submission commands define a set of <em>queue operations</em> to be executed
+by the underlying physical device, including synchronization with semaphores
+and fences.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Submission commands take as parameters a target queue, zero or more
+<em>batches</em> of work, and an optional fence to signal upon completion.
+Each batch consists of three distinct parts:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="olist arabic">
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>Zero or more semaphores to wait on before execution of the rest of the
+batch.</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If present, these describe a <a href="#synchronization-semaphores-waiting">semaphore wait operation</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Zero or more work items to execute.</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If present, these describe a <em>queue operation</em> matching the work
+described.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Zero or more semaphores to signal upon completion of the work items.</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If present, these describe a <a href="#synchronization-semaphores-signaling">semaphore signal operation</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If a fence is present in a queue submission, it describes a
+<a href="#synchronization-fences-signaling">fence signal operation</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>All work described by a queue submission command <strong class="purple">must</strong> be submitted to the
+queue before the command returns.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect4">
+<h5 id="devsandqueues-sparsebinding">Sparse Memory Binding</h5>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In Vulkan it is possible to sparsely bind memory to buffers and images as
+described in the <a href="#sparsememory">Sparse Resource</a> chapter.
+Sparse memory binding is a queue operation.
+A queue whose flags include the <code>VK_QUEUE_SPARSE_BINDING_BIT</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+able to support the mapping of a virtual address to a physical address on
+the device.
+This causes an update to the page table mappings on the device.
+This update <strong class="purple">must</strong> be synchronized on a queue to avoid corrupting page table
+mappings during execution of graphics commands.
+By binding the sparse memory resources on queues, all commands that are
+dependent on the updated bindings are synchronized to only execute after the
+binding is updated.
+See the <a href="#synchronization">Synchronization and Cache Control</a> chapter for
+how this synchronization is accomplished.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="devsandqueues-queuedestruction">4.3.6. Queue Destruction</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Queues are created along with a logical device during <code>vkCreateDevice</code>.
+All queues associated with a logical device are destroyed when
+<code>vkDestroyDevice</code> is called on that device.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="commandbuffers">5. Command Buffers</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Command buffers are objects used to record commands which <strong class="purple">can</strong> be
+subsequently submitted to a device queue for execution.
+There are two levels of command buffers - <em>primary command buffers</em>, which
+<strong class="purple">can</strong> execute secondary command buffers, and which are submitted to queues,
+and <em>secondary command buffers</em>, which <strong class="purple">can</strong> be executed by primary command
+buffers, and which are not directly submitted to queues.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Command buffers are represented by <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handles:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkCommandBuffer" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VkCommandBuffer)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Recorded commands include commands to bind pipelines and descriptor sets to
+the command buffer, commands to modify dynamic state, commands to draw (for
+graphics rendering), commands to dispatch (for compute), commands to execute
+secondary command buffers (for primary command buffers only), commands to
+copy buffers and images, and other commands.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="commandbuffers-statereset" class="paragraph">
+<p>Each command buffer manages state independently of other command buffers.
+There is no inheritance of state across primary and secondary command
+buffers, or between secondary command buffers.
+When a command buffer begins recording, all state in that command buffer is
+undefined.
+When secondary command buffer(s) are recorded to execute on a primary
+command buffer, the secondary command buffer inherits no state from the
+primary command buffer, and all state of the primary command buffer is
+undefined after an execute secondary command buffer command is recorded.
+There is one exception to this rule - if the primary command buffer is
+inside a render pass instance, then the render pass and subpass state is not
+disturbed by executing secondary command buffers.
+Whenever the state of a command buffer is undefined, the application <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+set all relevant state on the command buffer before any state dependent
+commands such as draws and dispatches are recorded, otherwise the behavior
+of executing that command buffer is undefined.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Unless otherwise specified, and without explicit synchronization, the
+various commands submitted to a queue via command buffers <strong class="purple">may</strong> execute in
+arbitrary order relative to each other, and/or concurrently.
+Also, the memory side-effects of those commands <strong class="purple">may</strong> not be directly visible
+to other commands without explicit memory dependencies.
+This is true within a command buffer, and across command buffers submitted
+to a given queue.
+See <a href="#synchronization">the synchronization chapter</a> for information on
+<a href="#synchronization-implicit">implicit</a> and explicit synchronization between
+commands.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Each command buffer is always in one of three states:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><em>Initial state</em>: Before <a href="#vkBeginCommandBuffer">vkBeginCommandBuffer</a>.
+Either <a href="#vkBeginCommandBuffer">vkBeginCommandBuffer</a> has never been called, or the command
+buffer has been reset since it last recorded commands.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><em>Recording state</em>: Between <a href="#vkBeginCommandBuffer">vkBeginCommandBuffer</a> and
+<a href="#vkEndCommandBuffer">vkEndCommandBuffer</a>.
+The command buffer is in a state where it <strong class="purple">can</strong> record commands.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><em>Executable state</em>: After <a href="#vkEndCommandBuffer">vkEndCommandBuffer</a>.
+The command buffer is in a state where it has finished recording
+commands and <strong class="purple">can</strong> be executed.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Resetting</em> a command buffer is an operation that discards any previously
+recorded commands and puts a command buffer in the initial state.
+Resetting occurs as a result of <a href="#vkResetCommandBuffer">vkResetCommandBuffer</a> or
+<a href="#vkResetCommandPool">vkResetCommandPool</a>, or as part of <a href="#vkBeginCommandBuffer">vkBeginCommandBuffer</a> (which
+additionally puts the command buffer in the recording state).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="commandbuffers-pools">5.1. Command Pools</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Command pools are opaque objects that command buffer memory is allocated
+from, and which allow the implementation to amortize the cost of resource
+creation across multiple command buffers.
+Command pools are externally synchronized, meaning that a command pool <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+not be used concurrently in multiple threads.
+That includes use via recording commands on any command buffers allocated
+from the pool, as well as operations that allocate, free, and reset command
+buffers or the pool itself.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Command pools are represented by <code>VkCommandPool</code> handles:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkCommandPool" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VK_DEFINE_NON_DISPATCHABLE_HANDLE(VkCommandPool)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To create a command pool, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkCreateCommandPool" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkCreateCommandPool(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkCommandPoolCreateInfo*              pCreateInfo,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
+    VkCommandPool*                              pCommandPool);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that creates the command pool.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> contains information used to create the command pool.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandPool</code> points to a <code>VkCommandPool</code> handle in which the
+created pool is returned.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkCommandPoolCreateInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkCommandPool</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPoolCreateInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkCommandPoolCreateInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkCommandPoolCreateInfo {
+    VkStructureType             sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                 pNext;
+    VkCommandPoolCreateFlags    flags;
+    uint32_t                    queueFamilyIndex;
+} VkCommandPoolCreateInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> is a bitmask indicating usage behavior for the pool and
+command buffers allocated from it.
+Bits which <strong class="purple">can</strong> be set include:</p>
+<div class="openblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div id="VkCommandPoolCreateFlagBits" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkCommandPoolCreateFlagBits {
+    VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_TRANSIENT_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000001</span>,
+    VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000002</span>,
+} VkCommandPoolCreateFlagBits;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_TRANSIENT_BIT</code> indicates that command
+buffers allocated from the pool will be short-lived, meaning that they
+will be reset or freed in a relatively short timeframe.
+This flag <strong class="purple">may</strong> be used by the implementation to control memory
+allocation behavior within the pool.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT</code> controls whether
+command buffers allocated from the pool <strong class="purple">can</strong> be individually reset.
+If this flag is set, individual command buffers allocated from the pool
+<strong class="purple">can</strong> be reset either explicitly, by calling <code>vkResetCommandBuffer</code>,
+or implicitly, by calling <code>vkBeginCommandBuffer</code> on an executable
+command buffer.
+If this flag is not set, then <code>vkResetCommandBuffer</code> and
+<code>vkBeginCommandBuffer</code> (on an executable command buffer) <strong class="purple">must</strong> not
+be called on the command buffers allocated from the pool, and they <strong class="purple">can</strong>
+only be reset in bulk by calling <code>vkResetCommandPool</code>.</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueFamilyIndex</code> designates a queue family as described in section
+<a href="#devsandqueues-queueprops">Queue Family Properties</a>.
+All command buffers allocated from this command pool <strong class="purple">must</strong> be submitted
+on queues from the same queue family.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>queueFamilyIndex</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be the index of a queue family available in
+the calling command&#8217;s <code>device</code> parameter</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid combination of <a href="#VkCommandPoolCreateFlagBits">VkCommandPoolCreateFlagBits</a> values</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To trim a command pool, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkTrimCommandPoolKHR" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkTrimCommandPoolKHR(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkCommandPool                               commandPool,
+    VkCommandPoolTrimFlagsKHR                   flags);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the command pool.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> is the command pool to trim.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> is reserved for future use.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Trimming a command pool recycles unused memory from the command pool back to
+the system.
+Command buffers allocated from the pool are not affected by the command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This command provides applications with some control over the internal
+memory allocations used by command pools.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Unused memory normally arises from command buffers that have been recorded
+and later reset, such that they are no longer using the memory.
+On reset, a command buffer can return memory to its command pool, but the
+only way to release memory from a command pool to the system requires
+calling <a href="#vkResetCommandPool">vkResetCommandPool</a>, which cannot be executed while any command
+buffers from that pool are still in use.
+Subsequent recording operations into command buffers will re-use this memory
+but since total memory requirements fluctuate over time, unused memory can
+accumulate.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In this situation, trimming a command pool <strong class="purple">may</strong> be useful to return unused
+memory back to the system, returning the total outstanding memory allocated
+by the pool back to a more "average" value.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Implementations utilize many internal allocation strategies that make it
+impossible to guarantee that all unused memory is released back to the
+system.
+For instance, an implementation of a command pool <strong class="purple">may</strong> involve allocating
+memory in bulk from the system and sub-allocating from that memory.
+In such an implementation any live command buffer that holds a reference to
+a bulk allocation would prevent that allocation from being freed, even if
+only a small proportion of the bulk allocation is in use.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In most cases trimming will result in a reduction in allocated but unused
+memory, but it does not guarantee the "ideal" behaviour.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Trimming <strong class="purple">may</strong> be an expensive operation, and <strong class="purple">should</strong> not be called
+frequently.
+Trimming <strong class="purple">should</strong> be treated as a way to relieve memory pressure after
+application-known points when there exists enough unused memory that the
+cost of trimming is "worth" it.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandPool</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To reset a command pool, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkResetCommandPool" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkResetCommandPool(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkCommandPool                               commandPool,
+    VkCommandPoolResetFlags                     flags);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the command pool.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> is the command pool to reset.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> contains additional flags controlling the behavior of the
+reset.
+Bits which <strong class="purple">can</strong> be set include:</p>
+<div class="openblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div id="VkCommandPoolResetFlagBits" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkCommandPoolResetFlagBits {
+    VK_COMMAND_POOL_RESET_RELEASE_RESOURCES_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000001</span>,
+} VkCommandPoolResetFlagBits;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>flags</code> includes <code>VK_COMMAND_POOL_RESET_RELEASE_RESOURCES_BIT</code>,
+resetting a command pool recycles all of the resources from the command pool
+back to the system.</p>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Resetting a command pool recycles all of the resources from all of the
+command buffers allocated from the command pool back to the command pool.
+All command buffers that have been allocated from the command pool are put
+in the initial state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>All <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> objects allocated from <code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+not currently be pending execution</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandPool</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid combination of <a href="#VkCommandPoolResetFlagBits">VkCommandPoolResetFlagBits</a> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To destroy a command pool, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkDestroyCommandPool" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkDestroyCommandPool(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkCommandPool                               commandPool,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that destroys the command pool.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> is the handle of the command pool to destroy.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When a pool is destroyed, all command buffers allocated from the pool are
+implicitly freed and become invalid.
+Command buffers allocated from a given pool do not need to be freed before
+destroying that command pool.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>All <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> objects allocated from <code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+not be pending execution</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>commandPool</code> was
+created, a compatible set of callbacks <strong class="purple">must</strong> be provided here</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If no <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>commandPool</code>
+was created, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandPool</code> is not <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, <code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandPool</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandPool</code> is a valid handle, it <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="commandbuffer-allocation">5.2. Command Buffer Allocation and Management</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To allocate command buffers, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkAllocateCommandBuffers" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkAllocateCommandBuffers(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo*          pAllocateInfo,
+    VkCommandBuffer*                            pCommandBuffers);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the command pool.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocateInfo</code> is a pointer to an instance of the
+<code>VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo</code> structure describing parameters of the
+allocation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandBuffers</code> is a pointer to an array of <code>VkCommandBuffer</code>
+handles in which the resulting command buffer objects are returned.
+The array <strong class="purple">must</strong> be at least the length specified by the
+<code>commandBufferCount</code> member of <code>pAllocateInfo</code>.
+Each allocated command buffer begins in the initial state.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>vkAllocateCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used to create multiple command
+buffers.
+If the creation of any of those command buffers fails, the implementation
+<strong class="purple">must</strong> destroy all successfully created command buffer objects from this
+command, set all entries of the <code>pCommandBuffers</code> array to <code>NULL</code> and
+return the error.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocateInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>pAllocateInfo</code>::commandBufferCount <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>pAllocateInfo</code>::commandPool <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo {
+    VkStructureType         sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*             pNext;
+    VkCommandPool           commandPool;
+    VkCommandBufferLevel    level;
+    uint32_t                commandBufferCount;
+} VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> is the command pool from which the command buffers are
+allocated.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>level</code> determines whether the command buffers are primary or
+secondary command buffers.
+Possible values include:</p>
+<div class="openblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div id="VkCommandBufferLevel" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkCommandBufferLevel {
+    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY = <span class="integer">0</span>,
+    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_SECONDARY = <span class="integer">1</span>,
+} VkCommandBufferLevel;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBufferCount</code> is the number of command buffers to allocate
+from the pool.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBufferCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be greater than <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandPool</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>level</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <a href="#VkCommandBufferLevel">VkCommandBufferLevel</a> value</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To reset command buffers, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkResetCommandBuffer" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkResetCommandBuffer(
+    VkCommandBuffer                             commandBuffer,
+    VkCommandBufferResetFlags                   flags);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> is the command buffer to reset.
+The command buffer <strong class="purple">can</strong> be in any state, and is put in the initial
+state.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> is a bitmask controlling the reset operation.
+Bits which <strong class="purple">can</strong> be set include:</p>
+<div class="openblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div id="VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits {
+    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_RESET_RELEASE_RESOURCES_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000001</span>,
+} VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>flags</code> includes <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_RESET_RELEASE_RESOURCES_BIT</code>,
+then most or all memory resources currently owned by the command buffer
+<strong class="purple">should</strong> be returned to the parent command pool.
+If this flag is not set, then the command buffer <strong class="purple">may</strong> hold onto memory
+resources and reuse them when recording commands.</p>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not currently be pending execution</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been allocated from a pool that was
+created with the <code>VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid combination of <a href="#VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits">VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits</a> values</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To free command buffers, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkFreeCommandBuffers" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkFreeCommandBuffers(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkCommandPool                               commandPool,
+    uint32_t                                    commandBufferCount,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkCommandBuffer*                      pCommandBuffers);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the command pool.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> is the command pool from which the command buffers
+were allocated.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBufferCount</code> is the length of the <code>pCommandBuffers</code>
+array.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandBuffers</code> is an array of handles of command buffers to free.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>All elements of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be pending execution</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of
+<code>commandBufferCount</code> <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handles, each element of
+which <strong class="purple">must</strong> either be a valid handle or <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandPool</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBufferCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be greater than <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> that is a valid handle <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>commandPool</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>commandPool</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to each member of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="commandbuffers-recording">5.3. Command Buffer Recording</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To begin recording a command buffer, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkBeginCommandBuffer" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkBeginCommandBuffer(
+    VkCommandBuffer                             commandBuffer,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkCommandBufferBeginInfo*             pBeginInfo);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> is the handle of the command buffer which is to be
+put in the recording state.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pBeginInfo</code> is an instance of the <code>VkCommandBufferBeginInfo</code>
+structure, which defines additional information about how the command
+buffer begins recording.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be in the recording state</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not currently be pending execution</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from a <code>VkCommandPool</code> which
+did not have the <code>VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT</code>
+flag set, <code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in the initial state</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandBuffer</code> is a secondary command buffer, the
+<code>pInheritanceInfo</code> member of <code>pBeginInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid
+<code>VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandBuffer</code> is a secondary command buffer and either the
+<code>occlusionQueryEnable</code> member of the <code>pInheritanceInfo</code> member
+of <code>pBeginInfo</code> is <code>VK_FALSE</code>, or the precise occlusion queries
+feature is not enabled, the <code>queryFlags</code> member of the
+<code>pInheritanceInfo</code> member <code>pBeginInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not contain
+<code>VK_QUERY_CONTROL_PRECISE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pBeginInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkCommandBufferBeginInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to the <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkCommandBufferBeginInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkCommandBufferBeginInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkCommandBufferBeginInfo {
+    VkStructureType                          sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                              pNext;
+    VkCommandBufferUsageFlags                flags;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo*    pInheritanceInfo;
+} VkCommandBufferBeginInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> is a bitmask indicating usage behavior for the command
+buffer.
+Bits which <strong class="purple">can</strong> be set include:</p>
+<div class="openblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div id="VkCommandBufferUsageFlagBits" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkCommandBufferUsageFlagBits {
+    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000001</span>,
+    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000002</span>,
+    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000004</span>,
+} VkCommandBufferUsageFlagBits;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT</code> indicates that each
+recording of the command buffer will only be submitted once, and the
+command buffer will be reset and recorded again between each
+submission.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT</code> indicates that a
+secondary command buffer is considered to be entirely inside a render
+pass.
+If this is a primary command buffer, then this bit is ignored.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Setting <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code> allows the
+command buffer to be resubmitted to a queue or recorded into a primary
+command buffer while it is pending execution.</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>pInheritanceInfo</code> is a pointer to a
+<code>VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo</code> structure, which is used if
+<code>commandBuffer</code> is a secondary command buffer.
+If this is a primary command buffer, then this value is ignored.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>flags</code> contains
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT</code>, the
+<code>renderPass</code> member of <code>pInheritanceInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid
+<code>VkRenderPass</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>flags</code> contains
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT</code>, the
+<code>subpass</code> member of <code>pInheritanceInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid subpass
+index within the <code>renderPass</code> member of <code>pInheritanceInfo</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>flags</code> contains
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT</code>, the
+<code>framebuffer</code> member of <code>pInheritanceInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be either
+<a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, or a valid <code>VkFramebuffer</code> that is compatible
+with the <code>renderPass</code> member of <code>pInheritanceInfo</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code>, or a pointer to a valid instance of <a href="#VkDeviceGroupCommandBufferBeginInfoKHX">VkDeviceGroupCommandBufferBeginInfoKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid combination of <a href="#VkCommandBufferUsageFlagBits">VkCommandBufferUsageFlagBits</a> values</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the command buffer is a secondary command buffer, then the
+<code>VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo</code> structure defines any state that will
+be inherited from the primary command buffer:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo {
+    VkStructureType                  sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                      pNext;
+    VkRenderPass                     renderPass;
+    uint32_t                         subpass;
+    VkFramebuffer                    framebuffer;
+    VkBool32                         occlusionQueryEnable;
+    VkQueryControlFlags              queryFlags;
+    VkQueryPipelineStatisticFlags    pipelineStatistics;
+} VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>renderPass</code> is a <code>VkRenderPass</code> object defining which render
+passes the <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> will be <a href="#renderpass-compatibility">compatible</a> with and <strong class="purple">can</strong> be executed within.
+If the <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> will not be executed within a render pass
+instance, <code>renderPass</code> is ignored.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>subpass</code> is the index of the subpass within the render pass
+instance that the <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> will be executed within.
+If the <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> will not be executed within a render pass
+instance, <code>subpass</code> is ignored.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>framebuffer</code> optionally refers to the <code>VkFramebuffer</code> object
+that the <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> will be rendering to if it is executed
+within a render pass instance.
+It <strong class="purple">can</strong> be <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a> if the framebuffer is not known, or if
+the <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> will not be executed within a render pass
+instance.</p>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Specifying the exact framebuffer that the secondary command buffer will be
+executed with <strong class="purple">may</strong> result in better performance at command buffer execution
+time.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>occlusionQueryEnable</code> indicates whether the command buffer <strong class="purple">can</strong> be
+executed while an occlusion query is active in the primary command
+buffer.
+If this is <code>VK_TRUE</code>, then this command buffer <strong class="purple">can</strong> be executed
+whether the primary command buffer has an occlusion query active or not.
+If this is <code>VK_FALSE</code>, then the primary command buffer <strong class="purple">must</strong> not
+have an occlusion query active.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>queryFlags</code> indicates the query flags that <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used by an
+active occlusion query in the primary command buffer when this secondary
+command buffer is executed.
+If this value includes the <code>VK_QUERY_CONTROL_PRECISE_BIT</code> bit, then
+the active query <strong class="purple">can</strong> return boolean results or actual sample counts.
+If this bit is not set, then the active query <strong class="purple">must</strong> not use the
+<code>VK_QUERY_CONTROL_PRECISE_BIT</code> bit.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pipelineStatistics</code> indicates the set of pipeline statistics that
+<strong class="purple">can</strong> be counted by an active query in the primary command buffer when
+this secondary command buffer is executed.
+If this value includes a given bit, then this command buffer <strong class="purple">can</strong> be
+executed whether the primary command buffer has a pipeline statistics
+query active that includes this bit or not.
+If this value excludes a given bit, then the active pipeline statistics
+query <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be from a query pool that counts that statistic.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If the <a href="#features-features-inheritedQueries">inherited queries</a> feature
+is not enabled, <code>occlusionQueryEnable</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_FALSE</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the <a href="#features-features-inheritedQueries">inherited queries</a> feature
+is enabled, <code>queryFlags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid combination of
+<a href="#VkQueryControlFlagBits">VkQueryControlFlagBits</a> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the <a href="#features-features-pipelineStatisticsQuery">pipeline statistics
+queries</a> feature is not enabled, <code>pipelineStatistics</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+<code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_INHERITANCE_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both of <code>framebuffer</code>, and <code>renderPass</code> that are valid handles <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from the same <code>VkDevice</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A primary command buffer is considered to be pending execution from the time
+it is submitted via <code>vkQueueSubmit</code> until that submission completes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A secondary command buffer is considered to be pending execution from the
+time its execution is recorded into a primary buffer (via
+<code>vkCmdExecuteCommands</code>) until the final time that primary buffer&#8217;s
+submission to a queue completes.
+If, after the primary buffer completes, the secondary command buffer is
+recorded to execute on a different primary buffer, the first primary buffer
+<strong class="purple">must</strong> not be resubmitted until after it is reset with
+<a href="#vkResetCommandBuffer">vkResetCommandBuffer</a> unless the secondary command buffer was recorded
+with <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code> is not set on a
+secondary command buffer, that command buffer <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be used more than
+once in a given primary command buffer.
+Furthermore, if a secondary command buffer without
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code> set is recorded to
+execute in a primary command buffer with
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code> set, the primary command
+buffer <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be pending execution more than once at a time.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>On some implementations, not using the
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code> bit enables command
+buffers to be patched in-place if needed, rather than creating a copy of the
+command buffer.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If a command buffer is in the executable state and the command buffer was
+allocated from a command pool with the
+<code>VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT</code> flag set, then
+<code>vkBeginCommandBuffer</code> implicitly resets the command buffer, behaving as
+if <code>vkResetCommandBuffer</code> had been called with
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_RESET_RELEASE_RESOURCES_BIT</code> not set.
+It then puts the command buffer in the recording state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Once recording starts, an application records a sequence of commands
+(<code>vkCmd</code>*) to set state in the command buffer, draw, dispatch, and other
+commands.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Several commands can also be recorded indirectly from <code>VkBuffer</code>
+content, see <a href="#device-generated-commands">Device-Generated Commands</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To complete recording of a command buffer, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkEndCommandBuffer" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkEndCommandBuffer(
+    VkCommandBuffer                             commandBuffer);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> is the command buffer to complete recording.
+The command buffer <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been in the recording state, and is moved
+to the executable state.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If there was an error during recording, the application will be notified by
+an unsuccessful return code returned by <code>vkEndCommandBuffer</code>.
+If the application wishes to further use the command buffer, the command
+buffer <strong class="purple">must</strong> be reset.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in the recording state</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandBuffer</code> is a primary command buffer, there <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be
+an active render pass instance</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>All queries made <a href="#queries-operation-active">active</a> during the
+recording of <code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been made inactive</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to the <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When a command buffer is in the executable state, it <strong class="purple">can</strong> be submitted to a
+queue for execution.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="commandbuffers-submission">5.4. Command Buffer Submission</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To submit command buffers to a queue, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkQueueSubmit" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkQueueSubmit(
+    VkQueue                                     queue,
+    uint32_t                                    submitCount,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkSubmitInfo*                         pSubmits,
+    VkFence                                     fence);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>queue</code> is the queue that the command buffers will be submitted to.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>submitCount</code> is the number of elements in the <code>pSubmits</code> array.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pSubmits</code> is a pointer to an array of <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>
+structures, each specifying a command buffer submission batch.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fence</code> is an optional handle to a fence to be signaled.
+If <code>fence</code> is not <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, it defines a
+<a href="#synchronization-fences-signaling">fence signal operation</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Submission can be a high overhead operation, and applications <strong class="purple">should</strong>
+attempt to batch work together into as few calls to <code>vkQueueSubmit</code> as
+possible.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>vkQueueSubmit</code> is a <a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue submission
+command</a>, with each batch defined by an element of <code>pSubmits</code> as an
+instance of the <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a> structure.
+Batches begin execution in the order they appear in <code>pSubmits</code>, but <strong class="purple">may</strong>
+complete out of order.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Fence and semaphore operations submitted with <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a> have
+additional ordering constraints compared to other submission commands, with
+dependencies involving previous and subsequent queue operations.
+Information about these additional constraints can be found in the
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores">semaphore</a> and <a href="#synchronization-fences">fence</a> sections of <a href="#synchronization">the synchronization chapter</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Details on the interaction of <code>pWaitDstStageMask</code> with synchronization
+are described in the <a href="#synchronization-semaphores-waiting">semaphore wait
+operation</a> section of <a href="#synchronization">the synchronization chapter</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The order that batches appear in <code>pSubmits</code> is used to determine
+<a href="#synchronization-submission-order">submission order</a>, and thus all the
+<a href="#synchronization-implicit">implicit ordering guarantees</a> that respect it.
+Other than these implicit ordering guarantees and any <a href="#synchronization">explicit synchronization primitives</a>, these batches <strong class="purple">may</strong> overlap or
+otherwise execute out of order.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>fence</code> is not <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, <code>fence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+unsignaled</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>fence</code> is not <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, <code>fence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be
+associated with any other queue command that has not yet completed
+execution on that queue</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any calls to <a href="#vkCmdSetEvent">vkCmdSetEvent</a>, <a href="#vkCmdResetEvent">vkCmdResetEvent</a> or
+<a href="#vkCmdWaitEvents">vkCmdWaitEvents</a> that have been recorded into any of the command
+buffer elements of the <code>pCommandBuffers</code> member of any element of
+<code>pSubmits</code>, <strong class="purple">must</strong> not reference any <a href="#VkEvent">VkEvent</a> that is referenced
+by any of those commands that is pending execution on another queue.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any stage flag included in any element of the <code>pWaitDstStageMask</code>
+member of any element of <code>pSubmits</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pipeline stage
+supported by one of the capabilities of <code>queue</code>, as specified in the
+<a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-supported">table of supported pipeline
+stages</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of the <code>pSignalSemaphores</code> member of any element
+of <code>pSubmits</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be unsignaled when the semaphore signal
+operation it defines is executed on the device</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>When a semaphore unsignal operation defined by any element of the
+<code>pWaitSemaphores</code> member of any element of <code>pSubmits</code> executes
+on <code>queue</code>, no other queue <strong class="purple">must</strong> be waiting on the same semaphore.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>All elements of the <code>pWaitSemaphores</code> member of all elements of
+<code>pSubmits</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be semaphores that are signaled, or have
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-signaling">semaphore signal operations</a>
+previously submitted for execution.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>queue</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkQueue</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>submitCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pSubmits</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>submitCount</code> valid <code>VkSubmitInfo</code> structures</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>fence</code> is not <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, <code>fence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkFence</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both of <code>fence</code>, and <code>queue</code> that are valid handles <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from the same <code>VkDevice</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>queue</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>pSubmits</code>[].pWaitSemaphores[] <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>pSubmits</code>[].pSignalSemaphores[] <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>fence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Command Properties</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#VkCommandBufferLevel">Command Buffer Levels</a></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#vkCmdBeginRenderPass">Render Pass Scope</a></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#VkQueueFlagBits">Supported Queue Types</a></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-types">Pipeline Type</a></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">-</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">-</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Any</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">-</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkSubmitInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkSubmitInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkSubmitInfo {
+    VkStructureType                sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                    pNext;
+    uint32_t                       waitSemaphoreCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkSemaphore*             pWaitSemaphores;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkPipelineStageFlags*    pWaitDstStageMask;
+    uint32_t                       commandBufferCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkCommandBuffer*         pCommandBuffers;
+    uint32_t                       signalSemaphoreCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkSemaphore*             pSignalSemaphores;
+} VkSubmitInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>waitSemaphoreCount</code> is the number of semaphores upon which to wait
+before executing the command buffers for the batch.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pWaitSemaphores</code> is a pointer to an array of semaphores upon which
+to wait before the command buffers for this batch begin execution.
+If semaphores to wait on are provided, they define a
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-waiting">semaphore wait operation</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pWaitDstStageMask</code> is a pointer to an array of pipeline stages at
+which each corresponding semaphore wait will occur.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBufferCount</code> is the number of command buffers to execute in
+the batch.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandBuffers</code> is a pointer to an array of command buffers to
+execute in the batch.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>signalSemaphoreCount</code> is the number of semaphores to be signaled
+once the commands specified in <code>pCommandBuffers</code> have completed
+execution.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pSignalSemaphores</code> is a pointer to an array of semaphores which
+will be signaled when the command buffers for this batch have completed
+execution.
+If semaphores to be signaled are provided, they define a
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-signaling">semaphore signal operation</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The order that command buffers appear in <code>pCommandBuffers</code> is used to
+determine <a href="#synchronization-submission-order">submission order</a>, and thus
+all the <a href="#synchronization-implicit">implicit ordering guarantees</a> that
+respect it.
+Other than these implicit ordering guarantees and any <a href="#synchronization">explicit synchronization primitives</a>, these command buffers <strong class="purple">may</strong> overlap or
+otherwise execute out of order.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> either have been
+recorded with the <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code>, or
+not currently be executing on the device</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in the executable
+state</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> contains commands that
+execute secondary command buffers, those secondary command buffers <strong class="purple">must</strong>
+have been recorded with the
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code>, or not currently be
+executing on the device</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> was recorded with
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT</code>, it <strong class="purple">must</strong> not have
+been previously submitted without re-recording that command buffer</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> contains commands that
+execute secondary command buffers recorded with
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT</code>, each such secondary
+command buffer <strong class="purple">must</strong> not have been previously submitted without
+re-recording that command buffer</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not contain commands
+that execute a secondary command buffer, if that secondary command
+buffer has been recorded in another primary command buffer after it was
+recorded into this <code>VkCommandBuffer</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been allocated
+from a <code>VkCommandPool</code> that was created for the same queue family
+that the calling command&#8217;s <code>queue</code> belongs to</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not have been allocated
+with <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_SECONDARY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the <a href="#features-features-geometryShader">geometry shaders</a> feature is
+not enabled, any given element of <code>pWaitDstStageMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not
+contain <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the <a href="#features-features-tessellationShader">tessellation shaders</a>
+feature is not enabled, any given element of <code>pWaitDstStageMask</code>
+<strong class="purple">must</strong> not contain
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT</code> or
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pWaitDstStageMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not include
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code>, or a pointer to a valid instance of <a href="#VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoNV">VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoNV</a>, <a href="#VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoKHX">VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoKHX</a>, <a href="#VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX">VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX</a>, or <a href="#VkDeviceGroupSubmitInfoKHX">VkDeviceGroupSubmitInfoKHX</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>waitSemaphoreCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pWaitSemaphores</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>waitSemaphoreCount</code> valid <code>VkSemaphore</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>waitSemaphoreCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pWaitDstStageMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>waitSemaphoreCount</code> valid combinations of <a href="#VkPipelineStageFlagBits">VkPipelineStageFlagBits</a> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of <code>pWaitDstStageMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandBufferCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>commandBufferCount</code> valid <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>signalSemaphoreCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pSignalSemaphores</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>signalSemaphoreCount</code> valid <code>VkSemaphore</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each of the elements of <code>pCommandBuffers</code>, the elements of <code>pSignalSemaphores</code>, and the elements of <code>pWaitSemaphores</code> that are valid handles <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from the same <code>VkDevice</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To specify the values to use when waiting for and signaling semaphores whose
+current state is shared with a Direct3D 12 fence, add the
+<a href="#VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX">VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX</a> structure to the <code>pNext</code> chain of the
+<a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a> structure.
+The <code>VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX {
+    VkStructureType    sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*        pNext;
+    uint32_t           waitSemaphoreValuesCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint64_t*    pWaitSemaphoreValues;
+    uint32_t           signalSemaphoreValuesCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint64_t*    pSignalSemaphoreValues;
+} VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>waitSemaphoreValuesCount</code> is the number of semaphore wait values
+specified in <code>pWaitSemaphoreValues</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pWaitSemaphoreValues</code> is an array of length
+<code>waitSemaphoreValuesCount</code> containing values for the corresponding
+semaphores in <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>pWaitSemaphores</code> to wait for.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>signalSemaphoreValuesCount</code> is the number of semaphore signal
+values specified in <code>pSignalSemaphoreValues</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pSignalSemaphoreValues</code> is an array of length
+<code>signalSemaphoreValuesCount</code> containing values for the corresponding
+semaphores in <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>pSignalSemaphores</code> to set when
+signaled.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the semaphore in <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>pWaitSemaphores</code> or
+<a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>pSignalSemaphore</code> corresponding to an entry in
+<code>pWaitSemaphoreValues</code> or <code>pSignalSemaphoreValues</code> respectively does
+not currently have state imported from a Direct3D 12 fence, the value in the
+<code>pWaitSemaphoreValues</code> or <code>pSignalSemaphoreValues</code> entry is ignored.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>waitSemaphoreValuesCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be the same value as
+<code>VkSubmitInfo</code>::<code>waitSemaphoreCount</code>, where <code>SubmitInfo</code> is
+in the pNext-chain of this <code>VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX</code> structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>signalSemaphoreValuesCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be the same value as
+<code>VkSubmitInfo</code>::<code>signalSemaphoreCount</code>, where <code>SubmitInfo</code>
+is in the pNext-chain of this <code>VkD3D12FenceSubmitInfoKHX</code> structure.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_D3D12_FENCE_SUBMIT_INFO_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>waitSemaphoreValuesCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, and <code>pWaitSemaphoreValues</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pWaitSemaphoreValues</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>waitSemaphoreValuesCount</code> <code>uint64_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>signalSemaphoreValuesCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, and <code>pSignalSemaphoreValues</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pSignalSemaphoreValues</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>signalSemaphoreValuesCount</code> <code>uint64_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When submitting work that operates on memory imported from a Direct3D 11
+resource to a queue, the keyed mutex mechanism <strong class="purple">may</strong> be used in addition to
+Vulkan semaphores to synchronize the work.
+Keyed mutexes are a property of a properly created shareable Direct3D 11
+resource.
+They <strong class="purple">can</strong> only be used if the imported resource was created with the
+<code>D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_SHARED_KEYEDMUTEX</code> flag.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To acquire keyed mutexes before submitted work and/or release them after,
+add a <a href="#VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoKHX">VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoKHX</a> structure to the
+<code>pNext</code> chain of the <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a> structure.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoKHX {
+    VkStructureType          sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*              pNext;
+    uint32_t                 acquireCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkDeviceMemory*    pAcquireSyncs;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint64_t*          pAcquireKeys;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint32_t*          pAcquireTimeouts;
+    uint32_t                 releaseCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkDeviceMemory*    pReleaseSyncs;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint64_t*          pReleaseKeys;
+} VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>acquireCount</code> is the number of entries in the <code>pAcquireSyncs</code>,
+<code>pAcquireKeys</code>, and <code>pAcquireTimeoutMilliseconds</code> arrays.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAcquireSyncs</code> is a pointer to an array of <a href="#VkDeviceMemory">VkDeviceMemory</a>
+objects which were imported from Direct3D 11 resources.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAcquireKeys</code> is a pointer to an array of mutex key values to wait
+for prior to beginning the submitted work.
+Entries refer to the keyed mutex associated with the corresponding
+entries in <code>pAcquireSyncs</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAcquireTimeoutMilliseconds</code> is an array of timeout values, in
+millisecond units, for each acquire specified in <code>pAcquireKeys</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>releaseCount</code> is the number of entries in the <code>pReleaseSyncs</code>
+and <code>pReleaseKeys</code> arrays.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pReleaseSyncs</code> is a pointer to an array of <a href="#VkDeviceMemory">VkDeviceMemory</a>
+objects which were imported from Direct3D 11 resources.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pReleaseKeys</code> is a pointer to an array of mutex key values to set
+when the submitted work has completed.
+Entries refer to the keyed mutex associated with the corresponding
+entries in <code>pReleaseSyncs</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Each member of <code>pAcquireSyncs</code> and <code>pReleaseSyncs</code> must be a
+device memory object imported by setting
+<a href="#VkImportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHX">VkImportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHX</a>::<code>handleType</code> to
+<code>VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_D3D11_TEXTURE_BIT_KHX</code> or
+<code>VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_D3D11_TEXTURE_KMT_BIT_KHX</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WIN32_KEYED_MUTEX_ACQUIRE_RELEASE_INFO_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>acquireCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pAcquireSyncs</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>acquireCount</code> valid <code>VkDeviceMemory</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>acquireCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pAcquireKeys</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>acquireCount</code> <code>uint64_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>acquireCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pAcquireTimeouts</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>acquireCount</code> <code>uint32_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>releaseCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pReleaseSyncs</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>releaseCount</code> valid <code>VkDeviceMemory</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>releaseCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pReleaseKeys</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>releaseCount</code> <code>uint64_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both of the elements of <code>pAcquireSyncs</code>, and the elements of <code>pReleaseSyncs</code> that are valid handles <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from the same <code>VkDevice</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When submitting work that operates on memory imported from a Direct3D 11
+resource to a queue, the keyed mutex mechanism <strong class="purple">may</strong> be used in addition to
+Vulkan semaphores to synchronize the work.
+Keyed mutexes are a property of a properly created shareable Direct3D 11
+resource.
+They <strong class="purple">can</strong> only be used if the imported resource was created with the
+<code>D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_SHARED_KEYEDMUTEX</code> flag.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To acquire keyed mutexes before submitted work and/or release them after,
+add a <a href="#VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoNV">VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoNV</a> structure to the
+<code>pNext</code> chain of the <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a> structure.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoNV</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoNV" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoNV {
+    VkStructureType          sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*              pNext;
+    uint32_t                 acquireCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkDeviceMemory*    pAcquireSyncs;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint64_t*          pAcquireKeys;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint32_t*          pAcquireTimeoutMilliseconds;
+    uint32_t                 releaseCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkDeviceMemory*    pReleaseSyncs;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint64_t*          pReleaseKeys;
+} VkWin32KeyedMutexAcquireReleaseInfoNV;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>acquireCount</code> is the number of entries in the
+<code>pAcquireSyncs</code>, <code>pAcquireKeys</code>, and
+<code>pAcquireTimeoutMilliseconds</code> arrays.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAcquireSyncs</code> is a pointer to an array of <a href="#VkDeviceMemory">VkDeviceMemory</a>
+objects which were imported from Direct3D 11 resources.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAcquireKeys</code> is a pointer to an array of mutex key values to
+wait for prior to beginning the submitted work.
+Entries refer to the keyed mutex associated with the corresponding
+entries in <code>pAcquireSyncs</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAcquireTimeoutMilliseconds</code> is an array of timeout values, in
+millisecond units, for each acquire specified in <code>pAcquireKeys</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>releaseCount</code> is the number of entries in the <code>pReleaseSyncs</code>
+and <code>pReleaseKeys</code> arrays.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pReleaseSyncs</code> is a pointer to an array of <a href="#VkDeviceMemory">VkDeviceMemory</a>
+objects which were imported from Direct3D 11 resources.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pReleaseKeys</code> is a pointer to an array of mutex key values to set
+when the submitted work has completed.
+Entries refer to the keyed mutex associated with the corresponding
+entries in <code>pReleaseSyncs</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WIN32_KEYED_MUTEX_ACQUIRE_RELEASE_INFO_NV</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>acquireCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pAcquireSyncs</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>acquireCount</code> valid <code>VkDeviceMemory</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>acquireCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pAcquireKeys</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>acquireCount</code> <code>uint64_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>acquireCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pAcquireTimeoutMilliseconds</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>acquireCount</code> <code>uint32_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>releaseCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pReleaseSyncs</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>releaseCount</code> valid <code>VkDeviceMemory</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>releaseCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pReleaseKeys</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>releaseCount</code> <code>uint64_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both of the elements of <code>pAcquireSyncs</code>, and the elements of <code>pReleaseSyncs</code> that are valid handles <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from the same <code>VkDevice</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the <code>pNext</code> list of <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a> includes a
+<code>VkDeviceGroupSubmitInfoKHX</code> structure, then that structure includes
+device indices and masks specifying which physical devices execute semaphore
+operations and command buffers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkDeviceGroupSubmitInfoKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkDeviceGroupSubmitInfoKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkDeviceGroupSubmitInfoKHX {
+    VkStructureType    sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*        pNext;
+    uint32_t           waitSemaphoreCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint32_t*    pWaitSemaphoreDeviceIndices;
+    uint32_t           commandBufferCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint32_t*    pCommandBufferDeviceMasks;
+    uint32_t           signalSemaphoreCount;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> uint32_t*    pSignalSemaphoreDeviceIndices;
+} VkDeviceGroupSubmitInfoKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>waitSemaphoreCount</code> is the number of elements in the
+<code>pWaitSemaphoreDeviceIndices</code> array.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pWaitSemaphoreDeviceIndices</code> is an array of device indices
+indicating which physical device executes the semaphore wait operation
+in the corresponding element of
+<a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>pWaitSemaphores</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBufferCount</code> is the number of elements in the
+<code>pCommandBufferDeviceMasks</code> array.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandBufferDeviceMasks</code> is an array of device masks indicating
+which physical devices execute the command buffer in the corresponding
+element of <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>pCommandBuffers</code>.
+A physical device executes the command buffer if the corresponding bit
+is set in the mask.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>signalSemaphoreCount</code> is the number of elements in the
+<code>pSignalSemaphoreDeviceIndices</code> array.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pSignalSemaphoreDeviceIndices</code> is an array of device indices
+indicating which physical device executes the semaphore signal operation
+in the corresponding element of
+<a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>pSignalSemaphores</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If this structure is not present, semaphore operations and command buffers
+execute on device index zero.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>waitSemaphoreCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> equal
+<a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>waitSemaphoreCount</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBufferCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> equal
+<a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>commandBufferCount</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>signalSemaphoreCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> equal
+<a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>::<code>signalSemaphoreCount</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>All elements of <code>pWaitSemaphoreDeviceIndices</code> and
+<code>pSignalSemaphoreDeviceIndices</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be valid device indices</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>All elements of <code>pCommandBufferDeviceMasks</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be valid device
+masks</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_GROUP_SUBMIT_INFO_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>waitSemaphoreCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pWaitSemaphoreDeviceIndices</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>waitSemaphoreCount</code> <code>uint32_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandBufferCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pCommandBufferDeviceMasks</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>commandBufferCount</code> <code>uint32_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>signalSemaphoreCount</code> is not <code>0</code>, <code>pSignalSemaphoreDeviceIndices</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>signalSemaphoreCount</code> <code>uint32_t</code> values</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="commandbuffers-submission-progress">5.5. Queue Forward Progress</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The application <strong class="purple">must</strong> ensure that command buffer submissions will be able to
+complete without any subsequent operations by the application on any queue.
+After any call to <code>vkQueueSubmit</code>, for every queued wait on a semaphore
+there <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a prior signal of that semaphore that will not be consumed by
+a different wait on the semaphore.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Command buffers in the submission <strong class="purple">can</strong> include <a href="#vkCmdWaitEvents">vkCmdWaitEvents</a>
+commands that wait on events that will not be signaled by earlier commands
+in the queue.
+Such events <strong class="purple">must</strong> be signaled by the application using <a href="#vkSetEvent">vkSetEvent</a>, and
+the <code>vkCmdWaitEvents</code> commands that wait upon them <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be inside a
+render pass instance.
+Implementations <strong class="purple">may</strong> have limits on how long the command buffer will wait,
+in order to avoid interfering with progress of other clients of the device.
+If the event is not signaled within these limits, results are undefined and
+<strong class="purple">may</strong> include device loss.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="commandbuffers-secondary">5.6. Secondary Command Buffer Execution</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A secondary command buffer <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be directly submitted to a queue.
+Instead, secondary command buffers are recorded to execute as part of a
+primary command buffer with the command:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkCmdExecuteCommands" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkCmdExecuteCommands(
+    VkCommandBuffer                             commandBuffer,
+    uint32_t                                    commandBufferCount,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkCommandBuffer*                      pCommandBuffers);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> is a handle to a primary command buffer that the
+secondary command buffers are executed in.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBufferCount</code> is the length of the <code>pCommandBuffers</code>
+array.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandBuffers</code> is an array of secondary command buffer handles,
+which are recorded to execute in the primary command buffer in the order
+they are listed in the array.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Once <code>vkCmdExecuteCommands</code> has been called, any prior executions of the
+secondary command buffers specified by <code>pCommandBuffers</code> in any other
+primary command buffer become invalidated, unless those secondary command
+buffers were recorded with
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been allocated with a <code>level</code> of
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been allocated
+with a <code>level</code> of <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_SECONDARY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be already pending
+execution in <code>commandBuffer</code>, or appear twice in
+<code>pCommandBuffers</code>, unless it was recorded with the
+<code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code> flag</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be already pending
+execution in any other <code>VkCommandBuffer</code>, unless it was recorded
+with the <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT</code> flag</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in the executable
+state</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been allocated
+from a <code>VkCommandPool</code> that was created for the same queue family as
+the <code>VkCommandPool</code> from which <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>vkCmdExecuteCommands</code> is being called within a render pass
+instance, that render pass instance <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been begun with the
+<code>contents</code> parameter of <code>vkCmdBeginRenderPass</code> set to
+<code>VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_SECONDARY_COMMAND_BUFFERS</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>vkCmdExecuteCommands</code> is being called within a render pass
+instance, any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been
+recorded with the <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>vkCmdExecuteCommands</code> is being called within a render pass
+instance, any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been
+recorded with <code>VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo</code>::<code>subpass</code> set to
+the index of the subpass which the given command buffer will be executed
+in</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>vkCmdExecuteCommands</code> is being called within a render pass
+instance, the render passes specified in the
+pname::pBeginInfo::<code>pInheritanceInfo</code>::<code>renderPass</code> members of
+the <a href="#vkBeginCommandBuffer">vkBeginCommandBuffer</a> commands used to begin recording each
+element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be
+<a href="#renderpass-compatibility">compatible</a> with the current render pass.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>vkCmdExecuteCommands</code> is being called within a render pass
+instance, and any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> was recorded
+with <code>VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo</code>::<code>framebuffer</code> not equal
+to <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, that <code>VkFramebuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> match the
+<code>VkFramebuffer</code> used in the current render pass instance</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>vkCmdExecuteCommands</code> is not being called within a render pass
+instance, any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not have been
+recorded with the <code>VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the <a href="#features-features-inheritedQueries">inherited queries</a> feature
+is not enabled, <code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not have any queries
+<a href="#queries-operation-active">active</a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandBuffer</code> has a <code>VK_QUERY_TYPE_OCCLUSION</code> query
+<a href="#queries-operation-active">active</a>, then each element of
+<code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been recorded with
+<code>VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo</code>::<code>occlusionQueryEnable</code> set to
+<code>VK_TRUE</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandBuffer</code> has a <code>VK_QUERY_TYPE_OCCLUSION</code> query
+<a href="#queries-operation-active">active</a>, then each element of
+<code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been recorded with
+<code>VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo</code>::<code>queryFlags</code> having all bits
+set that are set for the query</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>commandBuffer</code> has a <code>VK_QUERY_TYPE_PIPELINE_STATISTICS</code>
+query <a href="#queries-operation-active">active</a>, then each element of
+<code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been recorded with
+<code>VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo</code>::<code>pipelineStatistics</code> having
+all bits set that are set in the <code>VkQueryPool</code> the query uses</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not begin any query
+types that are <a href="#queries-operation-active">active</a> in
+<code>commandBuffer</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>commandBufferCount</code> valid <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in the recording state</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from <strong class="purple">must</strong> support transfer, graphics, or compute operations</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a primary <code>VkCommandBuffer</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBufferCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be greater than <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both of <code>commandBuffer</code>, and the elements of <code>pCommandBuffers</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from the same <code>VkDevice</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to the <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Command Properties</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#VkCommandBufferLevel">Command Buffer Levels</a></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#vkCmdBeginRenderPass">Render Pass Scope</a></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#VkQueueFlagBits">Supported Queue Types</a></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-types">Pipeline Type</a></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Primary</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Both</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Transfer<br>
+graphics<br>
+compute</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="commandbuffers-devicemask">5.7. Command Buffer Device Mask</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Each command buffer has a piece of state storing the current device mask of
+the command buffer.
+This mask controls which physical devices within the logical device all
+subsequent commands will execute on, including state-setting commands,
+action commands, and synchronization commands.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Scissor and viewport state <strong class="purple">can</strong> be set to different values on each physical
+device (only when set as dynamic state), and each physical device will
+render using its local copy of the state.
+Other state is shared between physical devices, such that all physical
+devices use the most recently set values for the state.
+However, when recording an action command that uses a piece of state, the
+most recent command that set that state <strong class="purple">must</strong> have included all physical
+devices that execute the action command in its current device mask.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The command buffer&#8217;s device mask is orthogonal to the
+<code>pCommandBufferDeviceMasks</code> member of <a href="#VkDeviceGroupSubmitInfoKHX">VkDeviceGroupSubmitInfoKHX</a>.
+Commands only execute on a physical device if the device index is set in
+both device masks.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the <code>pNext</code> list of <a href="#VkCommandBufferBeginInfo">VkCommandBufferBeginInfo</a> includes a
+<code>VkDeviceGroupCommandBufferBeginInfoKHX</code> structure, then that structure
+includes an initial device mask for the command buffer.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkDeviceGroupCommandBufferBeginInfoKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkDeviceGroupCommandBufferBeginInfoKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkDeviceGroupCommandBufferBeginInfoKHX {
+    VkStructureType    sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*        pNext;
+    uint32_t           deviceMask;
+} VkDeviceGroupCommandBufferBeginInfoKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceMask</code> is the initial value of the command buffer&#8217;s device
+mask.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The initial device mask also acts as an upper bound on the set of devices
+that <strong class="purple">can</strong> ever be in the device mask in the command buffer.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If this structure is not present, the initial value of a command buffer&#8217;s
+device mask is set to include all physical devices in the logical device
+when the command buffer begins recording.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid device mask value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be zero</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_GROUP_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To update the current device mask of a command buffer, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkCmdSetDeviceMaskKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkCmdSetDeviceMaskKHX(
+    VkCommandBuffer                             commandBuffer,
+    uint32_t                                    deviceMask);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> is command buffer whose current device mask is
+modified.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceMask</code> is the new value of the current device mask.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>deviceMask</code> is used to filter out subsequent commands from executing on
+all physical devices whose bit indices are not set in the mask.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid device mask value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be zero</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not include any set bits that were not in the
+<a href="#VkDeviceGroupCommandBufferBeginInfoKHX">VkDeviceGroupCommandBufferBeginInfoKHX</a>::<code>deviceMask</code> value
+when the command buffer began recording.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>vkCmdSetDeviceMaskKHX</code> is called inside a render pass instance,
+<code>deviceMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not include any set bits that were not in the
+<a href="#VkDeviceGroupRenderPassBeginInfoKHX">VkDeviceGroupRenderPassBeginInfoKHX</a>::<code>deviceMask</code> value when
+the render pass instance began recording.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in the recording state</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from <strong class="purple">must</strong> support graphics, compute, or transfer operations</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to the <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Command Properties</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+<col style="width: 25%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#VkCommandBufferLevel">Command Buffer Levels</a></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#vkCmdBeginRenderPass">Render Pass Scope</a></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#VkQueueFlagBits">Supported Queue Types</a></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-types">Pipeline Type</a></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Primary<br>
+Secondary</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Both</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Graphics<br>
+compute<br>
+transfer</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="synchronization">6. Synchronization and Cache Control</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Synchronization of access to resources is primarily the responsibility of
+the application in Vulkan.
+The order of execution of commands with respect to the host and other
+commands on the device has few implicit guarantees, and needs to be
+explicitly specified.
+Memory caches and other optimizations are also explicitly managed, requiring
+that the flow of data through the system is largely under application
+control.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Whilst some implicit guarantees exist between commands, four explicit
+synchronization primitives are exposed by Vulkan:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#synchronization-fences">Fences</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Fences <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used to communicate to the host that execution of some
+task on the device has completed.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#synchronization-semaphores">Semaphores</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Semaphores <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used to control resource access across multiple
+queues.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#synchronization-events">Events</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Events provide a fine-grained synchronization primitive which <strong class="purple">can</strong> be
+signaled either within a command buffer or by the host, and <strong class="purple">can</strong> be
+waited upon within a command buffer or queried on the host.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#synchronization-pipeline-barriers">Pipeline Barriers</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Pipeline barriers also provide synchronization control within a command
+buffer, but at a single point, rather than with separate signal and wait
+operations.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In addition to the base primitives provided here, <a href="#renderpass">Render
+Passes</a> provide a useful synchronization framework for most rendering
+tasks, built upon the concepts in this chapter.
+Many cases that would otherwise need an application to use synchronization
+primitives in this chapter <strong class="purple">can</strong> be expressed more efficiently as part of a
+render pass.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="synchronization-dependencies">6.1. Execution and Memory Dependencies</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>An <em>operation</em> is an arbitrary amount of work to be executed on the host, a
+device, or an external entity such as a presentation engine.
+Synchronization commands introduce explicit <em>execution dependencies</em>, and
+<em>memory dependencies</em> between two sets of operations defined by the
+command&#8217;s two <em>synchronization scopes</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-dependencies-scopes" class="paragraph">
+<p>The synchronization scopes define which other operations a synchronization
+command is able to create execution dependencies with.
+Any type of operation that is not in a synchronization command&#8217;s
+synchronization scopes will not be included in the resulting dependency.
+For example, for many synchronization commands, the synchronization scopes
+<strong class="purple">can</strong> be limited to just operations executing in specific
+<a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages">pipeline stages</a>, which allows other
+pipeline stages to be excluded from a dependency.
+Other scoping options are possible, depending on the particular command.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-dependencies-execution" class="paragraph">
+<p>An <em>execution dependency</em> is a guarantee that for two sets of operations,
+the first set <strong class="purple">must</strong> <em>happen-before</em> the second set.
+If an operation happens-before another operation, then the first operation
+<strong class="purple">must</strong> complete before the second operation is initiated.
+More precisely:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>A</strong> and <strong>B</strong> be separate sets of operations.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>S</strong> be a synchronization command.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>A<sub>S</sub></strong> and <strong>B<sub>S</sub></strong> be the synchronization scopes of <strong>S</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>A'</strong> be the intersection of sets <strong>A</strong> and <strong>A<sub>S</sub></strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>B'</strong> be the intersection of sets <strong>B</strong> and <strong>B<sub>S</sub></strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Submitting <strong>A</strong>, <strong>S</strong> and <strong>B</strong> for execution, in that order, will result in
+execution dependency <strong>E</strong> between <strong>A'</strong> and <strong>B'</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Execution dependency <strong>E</strong> guarantees that <strong>A'</strong> happens-before <strong>B'</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-dependencies-chains" class="paragraph">
+<p>An <em>execution dependency chain</em> is a sequence of execution dependencies that
+form a happens-before relation between the first dependency&#8217;s <strong>A'</strong> and the
+final dependency&#8217;s <strong>B'</strong>.
+For each consecutive pair of execution dependencies, a chain exists if the
+intersection of <strong>B<sub>S</sub></strong> in the first dependency and <strong>A<sub>S</sub></strong> in the second
+dependency is not an empty set.
+The formation of a single execution dependency from an execution dependency
+chain can be described by substituting the following in the description of
+execution dependencies:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>S</strong> be a set of synchronization commands that generate an execution
+dependency chain.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>A<sub>S</sub></strong> be the first synchronization scope of the first command in
+<strong>S</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>B<sub>S</sub></strong> be the second synchronization scope of the last command in
+<strong>S</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>An execution dependency is inherently also multiple execution dependencies -
+a dependency exists between each subset of <strong>A'</strong> and each subset of <strong>B'</strong>, and
+the same is true for execution dependency chains.
+For example, a synchronization command with multiple
+<a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages">pipeline stages</a> in its stage masks
+effectively generates one dependency between each source stage and each
+destination stage.
+This can be useful to think about when considering how execution chains are
+formed if they do not involve all parts of a synchronization command&#8217;s
+dependency.
+Similarly, any set of adjacent dependencies in an execution dependency chain
+<strong class="purple">can</strong> be considered an execution dependency chain in its own right.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Execution dependencies alone are not sufficient to guarantee that values
+resulting from writes in one set of operations <strong class="purple">can</strong> be read from another set
+of operations.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-dependencies-available-and-visible" class="paragraph">
+<p>Two additional types of operation are used to control memory access.
+<em>Availability operations</em> cause the values generated by specified memory
+write accesses to become <em>available</em> for future access.
+Any available value remains available until a subsequent write to the same
+memory location occurs (whether it is made available or not) or the memory
+is freed.
+<em>Visibility operations</em> cause any available values to become <em>visible</em> to
+specified memory accesses.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-dependencies-memory" class="paragraph">
+<p>A <em>memory dependency</em> is an execution dependency which includes availability
+and visibility operations such that:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The first set of operations happens-before the availability operation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The availability operation happens-before the visibility operation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The visibility operation happens-before the second set of operations.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Once written values are made visible to a particular type of memory access,
+they <strong class="purple">can</strong> be read or written by that type of memory access.
+Most synchronization commands in Vulkan define a memory dependency.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes" class="paragraph">
+<p>The specific memory accesses that are made available and visible are defined
+by the <em>access scopes</em> of a memory dependency.
+Any type of access that is in a memory dependency&#8217;s first access scope and
+occurs in <strong>A'</strong> is made available.
+Any type of access that is in a memory dependency&#8217;s second access scope and
+occurs in <strong>B'</strong> has any available writes made visible to it.
+Any type of operation that is not in a synchronization command&#8217;s access
+scopes will not be included in the resulting dependency.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A memory dependency enforces availability and visibility of memory accesses
+and execution order between two sets of operations.
+Adding to the description of <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-chains">execution dependency chains</a>:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>a</strong> be the set of memory accesses performed by <strong>A'</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>b</strong> be the set of memory accesses performed by <strong>B'</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>a<sub>S</sub></strong> be the first access scope of the first command in <strong>S</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>b<sub>S</sub></strong> be the second access scope of the last command in <strong>S</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>a'</strong> be the intersection of sets <strong>a</strong> and <strong>a<sub>S</sub></strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Let <strong>b'</strong> be the intersection of sets <strong>b</strong> and <strong>b<sub>S</sub></strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Submitting <strong>A</strong>, <strong>S</strong> and <strong>B</strong> for execution, in that order, will result in
+a memory dependency <strong>m</strong> between <strong>A'</strong> and <strong>B'</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Memory dependency <strong>m</strong> guarantees that:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Memory writes in <strong>a'</strong> are made available.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Available memory writes, including those from <strong>a'</strong>, are made visible to
+<strong>b'</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Execution and memory dependencies are used to solve data hazards, i.e. to
+ensure that read and write operations occur in a well-defined order.
+Write-after-read hazards can be solved with just an execution dependency,
+but read-after-write and write-after-write hazards need appropriate memory
+dependencies to be included between them.
+If an application does not include dependencies to solve these hazards, the
+results and execution orders of memory accesses are undefined.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-image-layout-transitions">6.1.1. Image Layout Transitions</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Image subresources <strong class="purple">can</strong> be transitioned from one <a href="#resources-image-layouts">layout</a> to another as part of a <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-memory">memory dependency</a> (e.g. by using an
+<a href="#synchronization-image-memory-barriers">image memory barrier</a>).
+When a layout transition is specified in a memory dependency, it
+happens-after the availability operations in the memory dependency, and
+happens-before the visibility operations.
+Image layout transitions <strong class="purple">may</strong> perform read and write accesses on all memory
+bound to the image subresource range, so applications <strong class="purple">must</strong> ensure that all
+memory writes have been made
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies-available-and-visible">available</a> before a
+layout transition is executed.
+Available memory is automatically made visible to a layout transition, and
+writes performed by a layout transition are automatically made available.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Layout transitions always apply to a particular image subresource range, and
+specify both an old layout and new layout.
+If the old layout does not match the new layout, a transition occurs.
+The old layout <strong class="purple">must</strong> match the current layout of the image subresource
+range, with one exception.
+The old layout <strong class="purple">can</strong> always be specified as <code>VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED</code>,
+though doing so invalidates the contents of the image subresource range.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Setting the old layout to <code>VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED</code> implies that the
+contents of the image subresource need not be preserved.
+Implementations <strong class="purple">may</strong> use this information to avoid performing expensive data
+transition operations.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Applications <strong class="purple">must</strong> ensure that layout transitions happen-after all
+operations accessing the image with the old layout, and happen-before any
+operations that will access the image with the new layout.
+Layout transitions are potentially read/write operations, so not defining
+appropriate memory dependencies to guarantee this will result in a data
+race.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The contents of any portion of another resource which aliases memory that is
+bound to the transitioned image subresource range are undefined after an
+image layout transition.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-pipeline-stages">6.1.2. Pipeline Stages</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The work performed by an <a href="#fundamentals-queueoperation-command-types">action
+command</a> consists of multiple operations, which are performed by a sequence
+of logically independent execution units known as <em>pipeline stages</em>.
+The exact pipeline stages executed depend on the particular action command
+that is used, and current command buffer state when the action command was
+recorded.
+<a href="#drawing">Drawing commands</a>, <a href="#dispatch">dispatching commands</a>,
+<a href="#copies">copy commands</a>, and <a href="#clears">clear commands</a> all execute in
+different sets of <a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-types">pipeline stages</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Execution of operations across pipeline stages <strong class="purple">must</strong> adhere to
+<a href="#synchronization-implicit">implicit ordering guarantees</a>, particularly
+including <a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-order">pipeline stage order</a>.
+Otherwise, execution across pipeline stages <strong class="purple">may</strong> overlap or execute out of
+order with regards to other stages, unless otherwise enforced by an
+execution dependency.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Several of the synchronization commands include pipeline stage parameters,
+restricting the <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization
+scopes</a> for that command to just those stages.
+This allows fine grained control over the exact execution dependencies and
+accesses performed by action commands.
+Implementations <strong class="purple">should</strong> use these pipeline stages to avoid unnecessary
+stalls or cache flushing.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Pipeline stages are specified using a bitmask:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkPipelineStageFlagBits" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkPipelineStageFlagBits {
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000001</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_DRAW_INDIRECT_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000002</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000004</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000008</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000010</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000020</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000040</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000080</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000100</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000200</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000400</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000800</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00001000</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00002000</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00004000</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00008000</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00010000</span>,
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMMAND_PROCESS_BIT_NVX = <span class="hex">0x00020000</span>,
+} VkPipelineStageFlagBits;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The meaning of each bit is:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code>: Stage of the pipeline where any
+commands are initially received by the queue.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMMAND_PROCESS_BIT_NVX</code>: Stage of the pipeline
+where device-side generation of commands via
+<a href="#vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX">vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX</a> is handled.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_DRAW_INDIRECT_BIT</code>: Stage of the pipeline where
+Draw/DispatchIndirect data structures are consumed.
+This stage also includes reading commands written by
+<a href="#vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX">vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT</code>: Stage of the pipeline where
+vertex and index buffers are consumed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT</code>: Vertex shader stage.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT</code>: Tessellation
+control shader stage.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT</code>: Tessellation
+evaluation shader stage.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT</code>: Geometry shader stage.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT</code>: Fragment shader stage.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code>: Stage of the pipeline
+where early fragment tests (depth and stencil tests before fragment
+shading) are performed.
+This stage also includes <a href="#renderpass-load-store-ops">subpass load
+operations</a> for framebuffer attachments with a depth/stencil format.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code>: Stage of the pipeline
+where late fragment tests (depth and stencil tests after fragment
+shading) are performed.
+This stage also includes <a href="#renderpass-load-store-ops">subpass store
+operations</a> for framebuffer attachments with a depth/stencil format.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code>: Stage of the
+pipeline after blending where the final color values are output from the
+pipeline.
+This stage also includes <a href="#renderpass-load-store-ops">subpass load and
+store operations</a> and multisample resolve operations for framebuffer
+attachments with a color format.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><a id="synchronization-pipeline-stages-transfer"></a>
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT</code>: Execution of copy commands.
+This includes the operations resulting from all <a href="#copies">copy
+commands</a>, <a href="#clears">clear commands</a> (with the exception of
+<a href="#vkCmdClearAttachments">vkCmdClearAttachments</a>), and <a href="#vkCmdCopyQueryPoolResults">vkCmdCopyQueryPoolResults</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT</code>: Execution of a compute
+shader.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code>: Final stage in the pipeline
+where operations generated by all commands complete execution.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT</code>: A pseudo-stage indicating execution on
+the host of reads/writes of device memory.
+This stage is not invoked by any commands recorded in a command buffer.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT</code>: Execution of all graphics
+pipeline stages.
+Equivalent to the logical or of:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_DRAW_INDIRECT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT</code>: Equivalent to the logical or
+of every other pipeline stage flag that is supported on the queue it is
+used with.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>An execution dependency with only <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code>
+in the destination stage mask will only prevent that stage from executing in
+subsequently submitted commands.
+As this stage does not perform any actual execution, this is not observable
+- in effect, it does not delay processing of subsequent commands.
+Similarly an execution dependency with only
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code> in the source stage mask will
+effectively not wait for any prior commands to complete.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When defining a memory dependency, using only
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code> or
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code> would never make any accesses
+available and/or visible because these stages do not access memory.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code> and
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code> are useful for accomplishing layout
+transitions and queue ownership operations when the required execution
+dependency is satisfied by other means - for example, semaphore operations
+between queues.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-pipeline-stages-masks" class="paragraph">
+<p>If a synchronization command includes a source stage mask, its first
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a> only includes
+execution of the pipeline stages specified in that mask, as well as any
+<a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-order">logically earlier</a> stages.
+If a synchronization command includes a destination stage mask, its second
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a> only includes
+execution of the pipeline stages specified in that mask, as well as any
+<a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-order">logically later</a> stages.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">Access scopes</a> are affected
+in a similar way.
+If a synchronization command includes a source stage mask, its first
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a> only includes
+memory access performed by pipeline stages specified in that mask.
+If a synchronization command includes a destination stage mask, its second
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a> only includes
+memory access performed by pipeline stages specified in that mask.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Implementations <strong class="purple">may</strong> not support synchronization at every pipeline stage for
+every synchronization operation.
+If a pipeline stage that an implementation does not support synchronization
+for appears in a source stage mask, then it <strong class="purple">may</strong> substitute that stage for
+any logically later stage.
+If a pipeline stage that an implementation does not support synchronization
+for appears in a destination stage mask, then it <strong class="purple">may</strong> substitute that stage
+for any logically earlier stage.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For example, if an implementation is unable to signal an event immediately
+after vertex shader execution is complete, it <strong class="purple">may</strong> instead signal the event
+after color attachment output has completed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If an implementation makes such a substitution, it <strong class="purple">must</strong> not affect the
+semantics of execution or memory dependencies or image and buffer memory
+barriers.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Certain pipeline stages are only available on queues that support a
+particular set of operations.
+The following table lists, for each pipeline stage flag, which queue
+capability flag <strong class="purple">must</strong> be supported by the queue.
+When multiple flags are enumerated in the second column of the table, it
+means that the pipeline stage is supported on the queue if it supports any
+of the listed capability flags.
+For further details on queue capabilities see
+<a href="#devsandqueues-physical-device-enumeration">Physical Device Enumeration</a>
+and <a href="#devsandqueues-queues">Queues</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<table id="synchronization-pipeline-stages-supported" class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
+<caption class="title">Table 3. Supported pipeline stage flags</caption>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 60%;">
+<col style="width: 40%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Pipeline stage flag</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Required queue capability flag</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">None required</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_DRAW_INDIRECT_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code> or <code>VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code>, <code>VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT</code> or <code>VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">None required</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">None required</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">None required</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMMAND_PROCESS_BIT_NVX</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT</code> or <code>VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div id="synchronization-pipeline-stages-order" class="paragraph">
+<p>Pipeline stages that execute as a result of a command logically complete
+execution in a specific order, such that completion of a logically later
+pipeline stage <strong class="purple">must</strong> not happen-before completion of a logically earlier
+stage.
+This means that including any given stage in the source stage mask for a
+particular synchronization command also implies that any logically earlier
+stages are included in <strong>A<sub>S</sub></strong> for that command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Similarly, initiation of a logically earlier pipeline stage <strong class="purple">must</strong> not
+happen-after initiation of a logically later pipeline stage.
+Including any given stage in the destination stage mask for a particular
+synchronization command also implies that any logically later stages are
+included in <strong>B<sub>S</sub></strong> for that command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Logically earlier/later stages are not included when defining the
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scopes</a> of a
+<a href="#synchronization-memory-barriers">memory barrier</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-pipeline-stages-types" class="paragraph">
+<p>The order of pipeline stages depends on the particular pipeline; graphics,
+compute, transfer or host.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the graphics pipeline, the following stages occur in this order:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_DRAW_INDIRECT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the compute pipeline, the following stages occur in this order:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_DRAW_INDIRECT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the transfer pipeline, the following stages occur in this order:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For host operations, only one pipeline stage occurs, so no order is
+guaranteed:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the command processing pipeline, the following stages occur in this
+order:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMMAND_PROCESS_BIT_NVX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-access-types">6.1.3. Access Types</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Memory in Vulkan <strong class="purple">can</strong> be accessed from within shader invocations and via
+some fixed-function stages of the pipeline.
+The <em>access type</em> is a function of the <a href="#descriptorsets">descriptor type</a>
+used, or how a fixed-function stage accesses memory.
+Each access type corresponds to a bit flag in <a href="#VkAccessFlagBits">VkAccessFlagBits</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-access-masks" class="paragraph">
+<p>Some synchronization commands take sets of access types as parameters to
+define the <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scopes</a> of
+a memory dependency.
+If a synchronization command includes a source access mask, its first
+<a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a> only includes
+accesses via the access types specified in that mask.
+Similarly, if a synchronization command includes a destination access mask,
+its second <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a> only
+includes accesses via the access types specified in that mask.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Access types that can be set in an access mask include:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkAccessFlagBits" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkAccessFlagBits {
+    VK_ACCESS_INDIRECT_COMMAND_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000001</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_INDEX_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000002</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000004</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000008</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_INPUT_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000010</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000020</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000040</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000080</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000100</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000200</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000400</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000800</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00001000</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_HOST_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00002000</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00004000</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00008000</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00010000</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_COMMAND_PROCESS_READ_BIT_NVX = <span class="hex">0x00020000</span>,
+    VK_ACCESS_COMMAND_PROCESS_WRITE_BIT_NVX = <span class="hex">0x00040000</span>,
+} VkAccessFlagBits;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_INDIRECT_COMMAND_READ_BIT</code>: Read access to an indirect
+command structure read as part of an indirect drawing or dispatch
+command.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_INDEX_READ_BIT</code>: Read access to an index buffer as part
+of an indexed drawing command, bound by <a href="#vkCmdBindIndexBuffer">vkCmdBindIndexBuffer</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ_BIT</code>: Read access to a vertex
+buffer as part of a drawing command, bound by
+<a href="#vkCmdBindVertexBuffers">vkCmdBindVertexBuffers</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT</code>: Read access to a
+<a href="#descriptorsets-uniformbuffer">uniform buffer</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_INPUT_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT</code>: Read access to an
+<a href="#renderpass">input attachment</a> within a renderpass during fragment
+shading.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT</code>: Read access to a
+<a href="#descriptorsets-storagebuffer">storage buffer</a>,
+<a href="#descriptorsets-uniformtexelbuffer">uniform texel buffer</a>,
+<a href="#descriptorsets-storagetexelbuffer">storage texel buffer</a>,
+<a href="#descriptorsets-sampledimage">sampled image</a>, or
+<a href="#descriptorsets-storageimage">storage image</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT</code>: Write access to a
+<a href="#descriptorsets-storagebuffer">storage buffer</a>,
+<a href="#descriptorsets-storagetexelbuffer">storage texel buffer</a>, or
+<a href="#descriptorsets-storageimage">storage image</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT</code>: Read access to a
+<a href="#renderpass">color attachment</a>, such as via <a href="#framebuffer-blending">blending</a>, <a href="#framebuffer-logicop">logic operations</a>, or via certain
+<a href="#renderpass-load-store-ops">subpass load operations</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT</code>: Write access to a
+<a href="#renderpass">color or resolve attachment</a> during a <a href="#renderpass">render pass</a> or via certain <a href="#renderpass-load-store-ops">subpass load
+and store operations</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT</code>: Read access to a
+<a href="#renderpass">depth/stencil attachment</a>, via <a href="#fragops-ds-state">depth
+or stencil operations</a> or via certain <a href="#renderpass-load-store-ops">subpass load operations</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT</code>: Write access to a
+<a href="#renderpass">depth/stencil attachment</a>, via <a href="#fragops-ds-state">depth
+or stencil operations</a> or via certain <a href="#renderpass-load-store-ops">subpass load and store operations</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT</code>: Read access to an image or buffer in
+a <a href="#copies">copy</a> operation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT</code>: Write access to an image or buffer
+in a <a href="#clears">clear</a> or <a href="#copies">copy</a> operation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_HOST_READ_BIT</code>: Read access by a host operation.
+Accesses of this type are not performed through a resource, but directly
+on memory.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT</code>: Write access by a host operation.
+Accesses of this type are not performed through a resource, but directly
+on memory.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT</code>: Read access via non-specific entities.
+These entities include the Vulkan device and host, but <strong class="purple">may</strong> also include
+entities external to the Vulkan device or otherwise not part of the core
+Vulkan pipeline.
+When included in a destination access mask, makes all available writes
+visible to all future read accesses on entities known to the Vulkan
+device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT</code>: Write access via non-specific
+entities.
+These entities include the Vulkan device and host, but <strong class="purple">may</strong> also include
+entities external to the Vulkan device or otherwise not part of the core
+Vulkan pipeline.
+When included in a source access mask, all writes that are performed by
+entities known to the Vulkan device are made available.
+When included in a destination access mask, makes all available writes
+visible to all future write accesses on entities known to the Vulkan
+device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_COMMAND_PROCESS_READ_BIT_NVX</code>: Reads from <code>VkBuffer</code>
+inputs to <a href="#vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX">vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ACCESS_COMMAND_PROCESS_WRITE_BIT_NVX</code>: Writes to the target
+command buffer in <a href="#vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX">vkCmdProcessCommandsNVX</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Certain access types are only performed by a subset of pipeline stages.
+Any synchronization command that takes both stage masks and access masks
+uses both to define the <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access
+scopes</a> - only the specified access types performed by the specified stages
+are included in the access scope.
+An application <strong class="purple">must</strong> not specify an access flag in a synchronization command
+if it does not include a pipeline stage in the corresponding stage mask that
+is able to perform accesses of that type.
+The following table lists, for each access flag, which pipeline stages <strong class="purple">can</strong>
+perform that type of access.</p>
+</div>
+<table id="synchronization-access-types-supported" class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
+<caption class="title">Table 4. Supported access types</caption>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Access flag</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Supported pipeline stages</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_INDIRECT_COMMAND_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_DRAW_INDIRECT_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_INDEX_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT</code>, or <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_INPUT_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT</code>, or <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT</code>, <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT</code>, or <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code>, or <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code>, or <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_HOST_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">N/A</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">N/A</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_COMMAND_PROCESS_READ_BIT_NVX</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMMAND_PROCESS_BIT_NVX</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_ACCESS_COMMAND_PROCESS_WRITE_BIT_NVX</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMMAND_PROCESS_BIT_NVX</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div id="synchronization-host-access-types" class="paragraph">
+<p>If a memory object does not have the
+<code>VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT</code> property, then
+<a href="#vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges">vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges</a> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be called in order to guarantee that
+writes to the memory object from the host are made visible to the
+<code>VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT</code> <a href="#synchronization-access-types">access
+type</a>, where it <strong class="purple">can</strong> be further made available to the device by
+<a href="#synchronization">synchronization commands</a>.
+Similarly, <a href="#vkInvalidateMappedMemoryRanges">vkInvalidateMappedMemoryRanges</a> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be called to guarantee
+that writes which are visible to the <code>VK_ACCESS_HOST_READ_BIT</code>
+<a href="#synchronization-access-types">access type</a> are made visible to host
+operations.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the memory object does have the
+<code>VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT</code> property flag, writes to the
+memory object from the host are automatically made visible to the
+<code>VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT</code> <a href="#synchronization-access-types">access type</a>.
+Similarly, writes made visible to the <code>VK_ACCESS_HOST_READ_BIT</code>
+<a href="#synchronization-access-types">access type</a> are automatically made visible
+to the host.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a> command <a href="#synchronization-submission-host-writes">automatically guarantees that host writes flushed to
+<code>VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT</code> are made available</a> if they were flushed
+before the command executed, so in most cases an explicit memory barrier is
+not needed for this case.
+In the few circumstances where a submit does not occur between the host
+write and the device read access, writes <strong class="purple">can</strong> be made available by using an
+explicit memory barrier.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-framebuffer-regions">6.1.4. Framebuffer Region Dependencies</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages">Pipeline stages</a> that operate on, or
+with respect to, the framebuffer are collectively the <em>framebuffer-space</em>
+pipeline stages.
+These stages are:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For these pipeline stages, an execution or memory dependency from the first
+set of operations to the second set <strong class="purple">can</strong> either be a single
+<em>framebuffer-global</em> dependency, or split into multiple <em>framebuffer-local</em>
+dependencies.
+A dependency with non-framebuffer-space pipeline stages is neither
+framebuffer-global nor framebuffer-local.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A <em>framebuffer region</em> is a set of sample (x, y, layer, sample) coordinates
+that is a subset of the entire framebuffer.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A single framebuffer-local dependency guarantees that only for a single
+framebuffer region, the first set of operations and availability operations
+happen-before visibility operations and the second set of operations.
+No ordering guarantees are made between framebuffer regions for a
+framebuffer-local dependency.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A framebuffer-global dependency guarantees that the first set of operations
+for all framebuffer regions happens-before the second set of operations for
+any framebuffer region.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Since fragment invocations are not specified to run in any particular
+groupings, the size of a framebuffer region is implementation-dependent, not
+known to the application, and <strong class="purple">must</strong> be assumed to be no larger than a single
+sample.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If a synchronization command includes a <code>dependencyFlags</code> parameter, and
+specifies the <code>VK_DEPENDENCY_BY_REGION_BIT</code> flag, then it defines
+framebuffer-local dependencies for the framebuffer-space pipeline stages in
+that synchronization command, for all framebuffer regions.
+If no <code>dependencyFlags</code> parameter is included, or the
+<code>VK_DEPENDENCY_BY_REGION_BIT</code> flag is not specified, then a
+framebuffer-global dependency is specified for those stages.
+The <code>VK_DEPENDENCY_BY_REGION_BIT</code> flag does not affect the dependencies
+between non-framebuffer-space pipeline stages, nor does it affect the
+dependencies between framebuffer-space and non-framebuffer-space pipeline
+stages.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Framebuffer-local dependencies are more optimal for most architectures;
+particularly tile-based architectures - which can keep framebuffer-regions
+entirely in on-chip registers and thus avoid external bandwidth across such
+a dependency.
+Including a framebuffer-global dependency in your rendering will usually
+force all implementations to flush data to memory, or to a higher level
+cache, breaking any potential locality optimizations.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-view-local-dependencies">6.1.5. View-Local Dependencies</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In a render pass instance that has <a href="#renderpass-multiview">multiview</a>
+enabled, dependencies can be either view-local or view-global.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A view-local dependency only includes operations from a single
+<a href="#renderpass-multiview-view-local">source view</a> from the source subpass in
+the first synchronization scope, and only includes operations from a single
+<a href="#renderpass-multiview-view-local">destination view</a> from the destination
+subpass in the second synchronization scope.
+A view-global dependency includes all views in the view mask of the source
+and destination subpasses in the corresponding synchronization scopes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If a synchronization command includes a <code>dependencyFlags</code> parameter and
+specifies the <code>VK_DEPENDENCY_VIEW_LOCAL_BIT_KHX</code> flag, then it defines
+view-local dependencies for that synchronization command, for all views.
+If no <code>dependencyFlags</code> parameter is included or the
+<code>VK_DEPENDENCY_VIEW_LOCAL_BIT_KHX</code> flag is not specified, then a
+view-global dependency is specified.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-device-local-dependencies">6.1.6. Device-Local Dependencies</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Dependencies <strong class="purple">can</strong> be either device-local or non-device-local.
+A device-local dependency acts as multiple separate dependencies, one for
+each physical device that executes the synchronization command, where each
+dependency only includes operations from that physical device in both
+synchronization scopes.
+A non-device-local dependency is a single dependency where both
+synchronization scopes include operations from all physical devices that
+participate in the synchronization command.
+For subpass dependencies, all physical devices in the
+<a href="#VkDeviceGroupRenderPassBeginInfoKHX">VkDeviceGroupRenderPassBeginInfoKHX</a>::<code>deviceMask</code> participate in
+the dependency, and for pipeline barriers all physical devices that are set
+in the command buffer&#8217;s current device mask participate in the dependency.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If a synchronization command includes a <code>dependencyFlags</code> parameter and
+specifies the <code>VK_DEPENDENCY_DEVICE_GROUP_BIT_KHX</code> flag, then it defines
+a non-device-local dependency for that synchronization command.
+If no <code>dependencyFlags</code> parameter is included or the
+<code>VK_DEPENDENCY_DEVICE_GROUP_BIT_KHX</code> flag is not specified, then it
+defines device-local dependencies for that synchronization command, for all
+participating physical devices.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Semaphore and event dependencies are device-local and only execute on the
+one physical device that performs the dependency.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="synchronization-implicit">6.2. Implicit Synchronization Guarantees</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A small number of implicit ordering guarantees are provided by Vulkan,
+ensuring that the order in which commands are submitted is meaningful, and
+avoiding unnecessary complexity in common operations.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-submission-order" class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Submission order</em> is a fundamental ordering in Vulkan, giving meaning to
+the order in which <a href="#fundamentals-queueoperation-command-types">action and
+synchronization commands</a> are recorded and submitted to a single queue.
+Explicit and implicit ordering guarantees between commands in Vulkan all
+work on the premise that this ordering is meaningful.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Submission order for any given set of commands is based on the order in
+which they were recorded to command buffers and then submitted.
+This order is determined as follows:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="olist arabic">
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>The initial order is determined by the order in which
+<a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a> commands are executed on the host, for a single
+queue, from first to last.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The order in which <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a> structures are specified in the
+<code>pSubmits</code> parameter of <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a>, from lowest index to
+highest.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The order in which command buffers are specified in the
+<code>pCommandBuffers</code> member of <a href="#VkSubmitInfo">VkSubmitInfo</a>, from lowest index to
+highest.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The order in which commands were recorded to a command buffer on the
+host, from first to last:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>For commands recorded outside a render pass, this includes all other
+commands recorded outside a renderpass, including
+<a href="#vkCmdBeginRenderPass">vkCmdBeginRenderPass</a> and <a href="#vkCmdEndRenderPass">vkCmdEndRenderPass</a> commands; it
+does not directly include commands inside a render pass.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>For commands recorded inside a render pass, this includes all other
+commands recorded inside the same subpass, including the
+<a href="#vkCmdBeginRenderPass">vkCmdBeginRenderPass</a> and <a href="#vkCmdEndRenderPass">vkCmdEndRenderPass</a> commands that
+delimit the same renderpass instance; it does not include commands
+recorded to other subpasses.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="#fundamentals-queueoperation-command-types">Action and synchronization
+commands</a> recorded to a command buffer execute the
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT</code> pipeline stage in
+<a href="#synchronization-submission-order">submission order</a> - forming an implicit
+execution dependency between this stage in each command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="#fundamentals-queueoperation-command-types">State commands</a> do not execute
+any operations on the device, instead they set the state of the command
+buffer when they execute on the host, in the order that they are recorded.
+<a href="#fundamentals-queueoperation-command-types">Action commands</a> consume the
+current state of the command buffer when they are recorded, and will execute
+state changes on the device as required to match the recorded state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="#queries-order">Query commands</a>, <a href="#drawing-primitive-order">the order of
+primitives passing through the graphics pipeline</a> and
+<a href="#synchronization-image-barrier-layout-transition-order">image layout
+transitions as part of an image memory barrier</a> provide additional
+guarantees based on submission order.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Execution of <a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-order">pipeline stages</a>
+within a given command also has a loose ordering, dependent only on a single
+command.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="synchronization-fences">6.3. Fences</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Fences are a synchronization primitive that <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used to insert a
+dependency from a queue to the host.
+Fences have two states - signaled and unsignaled.
+A fence <strong class="purple">can</strong> be signaled as part of the execution of a
+<a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue submission</a> command.
+Fences <strong class="purple">can</strong> be unsignaled on the host with <a href="#vkResetFences">vkResetFences</a>.
+Fences <strong class="purple">can</strong> be waited on by the host with the <a href="#vkWaitForFences">vkWaitForFences</a> command,
+and the current state <strong class="purple">can</strong> be queried with <a href="#vkGetFenceStatus">vkGetFenceStatus</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Fences are represented by <code>VkFence</code> handles:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkFence" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VK_DEFINE_NON_DISPATCHABLE_HANDLE(VkFence)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To create a fence, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkCreateFence" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkCreateFence(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkFenceCreateInfo*                    pCreateInfo,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
+    VkFence*                                    pFence);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that creates the fence.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> is a pointer to an instance of the
+<code>VkFenceCreateInfo</code> structure which contains information about how
+the fence is to be created.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFence</code> points to a handle in which the resulting fence object is
+returned.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkFenceCreateInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkFence</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkFenceCreateInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkFenceCreateInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkFenceCreateInfo {
+    VkStructureType       sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*           pNext;
+    VkFenceCreateFlags    flags;
+} VkFenceCreateInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> defines the initial state and behavior of the fence.
+Bits which <strong class="purple">can</strong> be set include:</p>
+<div class="openblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div id="VkFenceCreateFlagBits" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkFenceCreateFlagBits {
+    VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT = <span class="hex">0x00000001</span>,
+} VkFenceCreateFlagBits;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>flags</code> contains <code>VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT</code> then the fence
+object is created in the signaled state; otherwise it is created in the
+unsignaled state.</p>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid combination of <a href="#VkFenceCreateFlagBits">VkFenceCreateFlagBits</a> values</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To destroy a fence, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkDestroyFence" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkDestroyFence(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkFence                                     fence,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that destroys the fence.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fence</code> is the handle of the fence to destroy.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>All <a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue submission</a> commands that refer
+to <code>fence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have completed execution</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>fence</code> was
+created, a compatible set of callbacks <strong class="purple">must</strong> be provided here</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If no <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>fence</code> was
+created, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>fence</code> is not <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, <code>fence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkFence</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>fence</code> is a valid handle, it <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>fence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To query the status of a fence from the host, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetFenceStatus" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkGetFenceStatus(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkFence                                     fence);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the fence.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fence</code> is the handle of the fence to query.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Upon success, <code>vkGetFenceStatus</code> returns the status of the fence object,
+with the following return codes:</p>
+</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 80%;">
+<caption class="title">Table 5. Fence Object Status Codes</caption>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Status</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The fence specified by <code>fence</code> is signaled.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_NOT_READY</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The fence specified by <code>fence</code> is unsignaled.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If a <a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue submission</a> command is pending
+execution, then the value returned by this command <strong class="purple">may</strong> immediately be out
+of date.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkFence</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_NOT_READY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-fences-unsignaling" class="paragraph">
+<p>To set the state of fences to unsignaled from the host, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkResetFences" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkResetFences(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    uint32_t                                    fenceCount,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkFence*                              pFences);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the fences.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fenceCount</code> is the number of fences to reset.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFences</code> is a pointer to an array of fence handles to reset.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When <a href="#vkResetFences">vkResetFences</a> is executed on the host, it defines a <em>fence
+unsignal operation</em> for each fence, which resets the fence to the unsignaled
+state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If any member of <code>pFences</code> is already in the unsignaled state when
+<a href="#vkResetFences">vkResetFences</a> is executed, then <a href="#vkResetFences">vkResetFences</a> has no effect on
+that fence.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Any given element of <code>pFences</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not currently be associated
+with any queue command that has not yet completed execution on that
+queue</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFences</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>fenceCount</code> valid <code>VkFence</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fenceCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be greater than <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of <code>pFences</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to each member of <code>pFences</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-fences-signaling" class="paragraph">
+<p>When a fence is submitted to a queue as part of a
+<a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue submission</a> command, it defines a memory
+dependency on the batches that were submitted as part of that command, and
+defines a <em>fence signal operation</em> which sets the fence to the signaled
+state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The first <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a>
+includes every batch submitted in the same <a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue
+submission</a> command.
+Fence signal operations that are defined by <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a> additionally
+include in the first synchronization scope all previous queue submissions to
+the same queue via <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The second <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a>
+only includes the fence signal operation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The first <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a>
+includes all memory access performed by the device.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The second <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a> is
+empty.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To wait for one or more fences to enter the signaled state on the host,
+call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkWaitForFences" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkWaitForFences(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    uint32_t                                    fenceCount,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkFence*                              pFences,
+    VkBool32                                    waitAll,
+    uint64_t                                    timeout);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the fences.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fenceCount</code> is the number of fences to wait on.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFences</code> is a pointer to an array of <code>fenceCount</code> fence
+handles.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>waitAll</code> is the condition that <strong class="purple">must</strong> be satisfied to successfully
+unblock the wait.
+If <code>waitAll</code> is <code>VK_TRUE</code>, then the condition is that all fences
+in <code>pFences</code> are signaled.
+Otherwise, the condition is that at least one fence in <code>pFences</code> is
+signaled.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>timeout</code> is the timeout period in units of nanoseconds.
+<code>timeout</code> is adjusted to the closest value allowed by the
+implementation-dependent timeout accuracy, which <strong class="purple">may</strong> be substantially
+longer than one nanosecond, and <strong class="purple">may</strong> be longer than the requested
+period.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the condition is satisfied when <code>vkWaitForFences</code> is called, then
+<code>vkWaitForFences</code> returns immediately.
+If the condition is not satisfied at the time <code>vkWaitForFences</code> is
+called, then <code>vkWaitForFences</code> will block and wait up to <code>timeout</code>
+nanoseconds for the condition to become satisfied.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>timeout</code> is zero, then <code>vkWaitForFences</code> does not wait, but
+simply returns the current state of the fences.
+<code>VK_TIMEOUT</code> will be returned in this case if the condition is not
+satisfied, even though no actual wait was performed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the specified timeout period expires before the condition is satisfied,
+<code>vkWaitForFences</code> returns <code>VK_TIMEOUT</code>.
+If the condition is satisfied before <code>timeout</code> nanoseconds has expired,
+<code>vkWaitForFences</code> returns <code>VK_SUCCESS</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFences</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to an array of <code>fenceCount</code> valid <code>VkFence</code> handles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fenceCount</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be greater than <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Each element of <code>pFences</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_TIMEOUT</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-fences-waiting" class="paragraph">
+<p>An execution dependency is defined by waiting for a fence to become
+signaled, either via <a href="#vkWaitForFences">vkWaitForFences</a> or by polling on
+<a href="#vkGetFenceStatus">vkGetFenceStatus</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The first <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a>
+includes only the fence signal operation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The second <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a>
+includes the host operations of <a href="#vkWaitForFences">vkWaitForFences</a> or
+<a href="#vkGetFenceStatus">vkGetFenceStatus</a> indicating that the fence has become signaled.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Signaling a fence and waiting on the host does not guarantee that the
+results of memory accesses will be visible to the host, as the access scope
+of a memory dependency defined by a fence only includes device access.
+A <a href="#synchronization-memory-barriers">memory barrier</a> or other memory
+dependency <strong class="purple">must</strong> be used to guarantee this.
+See the description of <a href="#synchronization-host-access-types">host access
+types</a> for more information.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_alternate_methods_to_signal_fences">6.3.1. Alternate Methods to Signal Fences</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Besides submitting a fence to a queue as part of a
+<a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue submission</a> command, a fence <strong class="purple">may</strong> also be
+signaled when a particular event occurs on a device or display.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To create a fence that will be signaled when an event occurs on a device,
+call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkRegisterDeviceEventEXT" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkRegisterDeviceEventEXT(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkDeviceEventInfoEXT*                 pDeviceEventInfo,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
+    VkFence*                                    pFence);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is a logical device on which the event <strong class="purple">may</strong> occur.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pDeviceEventInfo</code> is a pointer to an instance of the
+<a href="#VkDeviceEventInfoEXT">VkDeviceEventInfoEXT</a> structure describing the event of interest to
+the application.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFence</code> points to a handle in which the resulting fence object is
+returned.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pDeviceEventInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkDeviceEventInfoEXT</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkFence</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkDeviceEventInfoEXT</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkDeviceEventInfoEXT" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkDeviceEventInfoEXT {
+    VkStructureType         sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*             pNext;
+    VkDeviceEventTypeEXT    deviceEvent;
+} VkDeviceEventInfoEXT;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> specifies when the fence will be signaled.
+Possible values are:</p>
+<div class="openblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div id="VkDeviceEventTypeEXT" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkDeviceEventTypeEXT {
+    VK_DEVICE_EVENT_TYPE_DISPLAY_HOTPLUG_EXT = <span class="integer">0</span>,
+} VkDeviceEventTypeEXT;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_DEVICE_EVENT_TYPE_DISPLAY_HOTPLUG_EXT</code> occurs when a display is
+plugged into or unplugged from the specified device.
+Applications <strong class="purple">can</strong> use this notification to determine when they need to
+re-enumerate the available displays on a device.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_EVENT_INFO_EXT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>deviceEvent</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <a href="#VkDeviceEventTypeEXT">VkDeviceEventTypeEXT</a> value</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To create a fence that will be signaled when an event occurs on a
+VkDisplayKHR object, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkRegisterDisplayEventEXT" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkRegisterDisplayEventEXT(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkDisplayKHR                                display,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkDisplayEventInfoEXT*                pDisplayEventInfo,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
+    VkFence*                                    pFence);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is a logical device associated with <code>display</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>display</code> is the display on which the event <strong class="purple">may</strong> occur.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pDisplayEventInfo</code> is a pointer to an instance of the
+<a href="#VkDisplayEventInfoEXT">VkDisplayEventInfoEXT</a> structure describing the event of interest
+to the application.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFence</code> points to a handle in which the resulting fence object is
+returned.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>display</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDisplayKHR</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pDisplayEventInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkDisplayEventInfoEXT</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFence</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkFence</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkDisplayEventInfoEXT</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkDisplayEventInfoEXT" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkDisplayEventInfoEXT {
+    VkStructureType          sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*              pNext;
+    VkDisplayEventTypeEXT    displayEvent;
+} VkDisplayEventInfoEXT;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>displayEvent</code> specifies when the fence will be signaled.
+Possible values are:</p>
+<div class="openblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div id="VkDisplayEventTypeEXT" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">enum</span> VkDisplayEventTypeEXT {
+    VK_DISPLAY_EVENT_TYPE_FIRST_PIXEL_OUT_EXT = <span class="integer">0</span>,
+} VkDisplayEventTypeEXT;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_DISPLAY_EVENT_TYPE_FIRST_PIXEL_OUT_EXT</code> occurs when the first
+pixel of the next display refresh cycle leaves the display engine for
+the display.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DISPLAY_EVENT_INFO_EXT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>displayEvent</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <a href="#VkDisplayEventTypeEXT">VkDisplayEventTypeEXT</a> value</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="synchronization-semaphores">6.4. Semaphores</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Semaphores are a synchronization primitive that <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used to insert a
+dependency between batches submitted to queues.
+Semaphores have two states - signaled and unsignaled.
+The state of a semaphore <strong class="purple">can</strong> be signaled after execution of a batch of
+commands is completed.
+A batch <strong class="purple">can</strong> wait for a semaphore to become signaled before it begins
+execution, and the semaphore is also unsignaled before the batch begins
+execution.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Semaphores are represented by <code>VkSemaphore</code> handles:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkSemaphore" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VK_DEFINE_NON_DISPATCHABLE_HANDLE(VkSemaphore)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To create a semaphore, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkCreateSemaphore" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkCreateSemaphore(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkSemaphoreCreateInfo*                pCreateInfo,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
+    VkSemaphore*                                pSemaphore);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that creates the semaphore.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> is a pointer to an instance of the
+<code>VkSemaphoreCreateInfo</code> structure which contains information about
+how the semaphore is to be created.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pSemaphore</code> points to a handle in which the resulting semaphore
+object is returned.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When created, the semaphore is in the unsignaled state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkSemaphoreCreateInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pSemaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkSemaphore</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkSemaphoreCreateInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkSemaphoreCreateInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkSemaphoreCreateInfo {
+    VkStructureType           sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*               pNext;
+    VkSemaphoreCreateFlags    flags;
+} VkSemaphoreCreateInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> is reserved for future use.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To create a semaphore object that can be exported to external handles, add
+the <a href="#VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX">VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX</a> structure to the <code>pNext</code> chain
+of the <a href="#VkSemaphoreCreateInfo">VkSemaphoreCreateInfo</a> structure.
+The <code>VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX {
+    VkStructureType                          sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                              pNext;
+    VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagsKHX    handleTypes;
+} VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleTypes</code> is a bitmask of
+<a href="#VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX">VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX</a> specifying one or more
+semaphore handle types the application <strong class="purple">can</strong> export from the resulting
+allocation.
+The application <strong class="purple">can</strong> request multiple handle types for the same
+semaphore.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The bits in <code>handleTypes</code> must be supported and compatible, as
+reported by <a href="#VkExternalSemaphorePropertiesKHX">VkExternalSemaphorePropertiesKHX</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleTypes</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid combination of <a href="#VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX">VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX</a> values</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To specify additional attributes of NT handles exported from a semaphore,
+add the <a href="#VkExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX">VkExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX</a> structure to the
+<code>pNext</code> chain of the <a href="#VkSemaphoreCreateInfo">VkSemaphoreCreateInfo</a> structure.
+The <code>VkExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX {
+    VkStructureType               sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                   pNext;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES*    pAttributes;
+    DWORD                         dwAccess;
+    LPCWSTR                       name;
+} VkExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAttributes</code> is a pointer to a Windows <code>SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES</code>
+structure specifying security attributes of the handle.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>dwAccess</code> is a <code>DWORD</code> specifying access rights of the handle.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>name</code> is a NULL-terminated UNICODE string to associate with the
+underlying synchronization primitive referenced by NT handles exported
+from the created semaphore.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If this structure is not present, or if <code>pAttributes</code> is set to <code>NULL</code>,
+default security descriptor values will be used, and child processes created
+by the application will not inherit the handle, as described in the MSDN
+documentation for &#8220;Synchronization Object Security and Access Rights&#8221;<sup>1</sup>.
+Further, if the structure is not present, the access rights will be</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>DXGI_SHARED_RESOURCE_READ</code> | <code>DXGI_SHARED_RESOURCE_WRITE</code></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>for handles of the following types:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT_KHX</code></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>And</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>GENERIC_ALL</code></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>for handles of the following types:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_D3D12_FENCE_BIT_KHX</code></p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1">1</dt>
+<dd>
+<p><a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms686670.aspx" class="bare">https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms686670.aspx</a></p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>If <a href="#VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX">VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX</a>::<code>handleTypes</code> does not
+include <code>VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT_KHX</code> or
+VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_D3D12_FENCE_BIT_KHX,
+VkExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be in the <code>pNext</code>
+chain of <a href="#VkSemaphoreCreateInfo">VkSemaphoreCreateInfo</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_SEMAPHORE_WIN32_HANDLE_INFO_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAttributes</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAttributes</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES</code> value</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To export a Windows handle representing the state of a semaphore, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHX(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkSemaphore                                 semaphore,
+    VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX    handleType,
+    HANDLE*                                     pHandle);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that created <code>semaphore</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> is the semaphore from which state will be exported.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> is the type of handle requested.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pHandle</code> will return the Windows handle representing the semaphore
+state.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The properties of the handle returned depend on the value of
+<code>handleType</code>.
+See <a href="#VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX">VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX</a> for a description of the
+properties of the defined external semaphore handle types.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For handle types defined as NT handles, the handles returned by
+<code>vkGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHX</code> are owned by the application.
+To avoid leaking resources, the application <strong class="purple">must</strong> release ownership of them
+using the <code>CloseHandle</code> system call when they are no longer needed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been included in
+<a href="#VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX">VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX</a>::<code>handleTypes</code> when
+<code>semaphore</code>&#8217;s current state was created.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>handleType</code> is defined as an NT handle,
+<a href="#vkGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHX">vkGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHX</a> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be called no more than once for
+each valid unique combination of <code>semaphore</code> and <code>handleType</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not currently have its state replaced by imported
+semaphore state as described below in
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-importing">Importing Semaphore State</a>
+unless that imported semaphore state&#8217;s handle type was included in
+<a href="#VkExternalSemaphorePropertiesKHX">VkExternalSemaphorePropertiesKHX</a>::<code>exportFromImportedHandleTypes</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>handleType</code> refers to a handle type with temporary import
+semantics, as defined below in
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-importing">Importing Semaphore State</a>,
+there <strong class="purple">must</strong> be no queue waiting on <code>semaphore</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>handleType</code> refers to a handle type with temporary import
+semantics, <code>semaphore</code> must be signaled, or have an associated
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-signaling">semaphore signal operation</a>
+pending execution.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be defined as an NT handle or a global share
+handle.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkSemaphore</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <a href="#VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX">VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX</a> value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pHandle</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>HANDLE</code> value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To export a POSIX file descriptor representing the state of a semaphore,
+call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetSemaphoreFdKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkGetSemaphoreFdKHX(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkSemaphore                                 semaphore,
+    VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX    handleType,
+    <span class="predefined-type">int</span>*                                        pFd);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that created <code>semaphore</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> is the semaphore from which state will be exported.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> is the type of handle requested.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFd</code> will return the file descriptor representing the semaphore
+state.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The properties of the file descriptor returned depend on the value of
+<code>handleType</code>.
+See <a href="#VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX">VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX</a> for a description of the
+properties of the defined external semaphore handle types.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Each call to <code>vkGetSemaphoreFdKHX</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> create a new file descriptor
+and transfer ownership of it to the application.
+To avoid leaking resources, the application <strong class="purple">must</strong> release ownership of the
+file descriptor using the <code>close</code> system call when it is no longer
+needed, or by importing Vulkan semaphore state from it.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been included in
+<a href="#VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX">VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX</a>::<code>handleTypes</code> when
+<code>semaphore</code>&#8217;s current state was created.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not currently have its state replaced by imported
+semaphore state as described below in
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-importing">Importing Semaphore State</a>
+unless that imported semaphore state&#8217;s handle type was included in
+<a href="#VkExternalSemaphorePropertiesKHX">VkExternalSemaphorePropertiesKHX</a>::<code>exportFromImportedHandleTypes</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>handleType</code> refers to a handle type with temporary import
+semantics, as defined below in
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-importing">Importing Semaphore State</a>,
+there <strong class="purple">must</strong> be no queue waiting on <code>semaphore</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>handleType</code> refers to a handle type with temporary import
+semantics, <code>semaphore</code> must be signaled, or have an associated
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-signaling">semaphore signal operation</a>
+pending execution.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be defined as a POSIX file descriptor handle.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkSemaphore</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <a href="#VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX">VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX</a> value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pFd</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>int</code> value</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To destroy a semaphore, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkDestroySemaphore" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkDestroySemaphore(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkSemaphore                                 semaphore,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that destroys the semaphore.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> is the handle of the semaphore to destroy.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>All submitted batches that refer to <code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have completed
+execution</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>semaphore</code> was
+created, a compatible set of callbacks <strong class="purple">must</strong> be provided here</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If no <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>semaphore</code> was
+created, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>semaphore</code> is not <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, <code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkSemaphore</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>semaphore</code> is a valid handle, it <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-semaphores-signaling">6.4.1. Semaphore Signaling</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When a batch is submitted to a queue via a <a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue
+submission</a>, and it includes semaphores to be signaled, it defines a memory
+dependency on the batch, and defines <em>semaphore signal operations</em> which set
+the semaphores to the signaled state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The first <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a>
+includes every command submitted in the same batch.
+Semaphore signal operations that are defined by <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a>
+additionally include all batches previously submitted to the same queue via
+<a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a>, including batches that are submitted in the same
+<a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue submission</a> command, but at a lower index
+within the array of batches.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The second <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a>
+includes only the semaphore signal operation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The first <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a>
+includes all memory access performed by the device.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The second <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a> is
+empty.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-semaphores-waiting">6.4.2. Semaphore Waiting &amp; Unsignaling</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When a batch is submitted to a queue via a <a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue
+submission</a>, and it includes semaphores to be waited on, it defines a
+memory dependency between prior semaphore signal operations and the batch,
+and defines <em>semaphore unsignal operations</em> which set the semaphores to the
+unsignaled state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The first synchronization scope includes all semaphore signal operations
+that operate on semaphores waited on in the same batch, and that
+happen-before the wait completes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The second <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a>
+includes every command submitted in the same batch.
+In the case of <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a>, the second synchronization scope is
+limited to operations on the pipeline stages determined by the
+<a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-masks">destination stage mask</a> specified
+by the corresponding element of <code>pWaitDstStageMask</code>.
+Also, in the case of <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a>, the second synchronization scope
+additionally includes all batches subsequently submitted to the same queue
+via <a href="#vkQueueSubmit">vkQueueSubmit</a>, including batches that are submitted in the same
+<a href="#devsandqueues-submission">queue submission</a> command, but at a higher
+index within the array of batches.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The first <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a> is
+empty.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The second <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-access-scopes">access scope</a>
+includes all memory access performed by the device.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The semaphore unsignal operation happens-after the first set of operations
+in the execution dependency, and happens-before the second set of operations
+in the execution dependency.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Unlike fences or events, the act of waiting for a semaphore also unsignals
+that semaphore.
+If two operations are separately specified to wait for the same semaphore,
+and there are no other execution dependencies between those operations,
+behaviour is undefined.
+An execution dependency <strong class="purple">must</strong> be present that guarantees that the semaphore
+unsignal operation for the first of those waits, happens-before the
+semaphore is signalled again, and before the second unsignal operation.
+Semaphore waits and signals should thus occur in discrete 1:1 pairs.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A common scenario for using <code>pWaitDstStageMask</code> with values other than
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT</code> is when synchronizing a window
+system presentation operation against subsequent command buffers which
+render the next frame.
+In this case, a presentation image <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be overwritten until the
+presentation operation completes, but other pipeline stages <strong class="purple">can</strong> execute
+without waiting.
+A mask of <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code> prevents
+subsequent color attachment writes from executing until the semaphore
+signals.
+Some implementations <strong class="purple">may</strong> be able to execute transfer operations and/or
+vertex processing work before the semaphore is signaled.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If an image layout transition needs to be performed on a presentable image
+before it is used in a framebuffer, that <strong class="purple">can</strong> be performed as the first
+operation submitted to the queue after acquiring the image, and <strong class="purple">should</strong> not
+prevent other work from overlapping with the presentation operation.
+For example, a <code>VkImageMemoryBarrier</code> could use:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>srcStageMask</code> = <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>srcAccessMask</code> = 0</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>dstStageMask</code> = <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>dstAccessMask</code> = <code>VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT</code> |
+<code>VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>oldLayout</code> = <code>VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>newLayout</code> = <code>VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Alternatively, <code>oldLayout</code> <strong class="purple">can</strong> be <code>VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED</code>, if
+the image&#8217;s contents need not be preserved.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This barrier accomplishes a dependency chain between previous presentation
+operations and subsequent color attachment output operations, with the
+layout transition performed in between, and does not introduce a dependency
+between previous work and any vertex processing stages.
+More precisely, the semaphore signals after the presentation operation
+completes, the semaphore wait stalls the
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT</code> stage, and there is a
+dependency from that same stage to itself with the layout transition
+performed in between.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-semaphores-waiting-state">6.4.3. Semaphore State Requirements For Wait Operations</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Before waiting on a semaphore, the application <strong class="purple">must</strong> ensure the semaphore is
+in a valid state for a wait operation.
+Specifically, when a <a href="#synchronization-semaphores-waiting">semaphore wait and
+unsignal operation</a> is submitted to a queue:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The semaphore <strong class="purple">must</strong> be signaled, or have an associated
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-signaling">semaphore signal operation</a> that
+is pending execution.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>There <strong class="purple">must</strong> be no other queue waiting on the same semaphore when the
+operation executes.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Generally, the implementation behavior will be undefined when applications
+fail to ensure these requirements are met.
+However, to avoid requiring Vulkan instances that import semaphore state to
+trust the source of that state, the side effects of violating the
+requirements are better defined in certain cases.
+When the semaphore that violates the requirements is using imported state at
+the time of the violation, the implementation <strong class="purple">must</strong> ensure side effects are
+limited to one or more of the following:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Returning the error code <code>VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED</code> from the
+command which resulted in the violation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Allowing the logical device on which the violation occured to enter an
+undefined state immediately or in the future and returning the error
+code VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST from any subsequent command, including the one
+causing the violation, after the device enters such a state.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Continuing execution of the violating command or operation as if the
+semaphore wait completed successfully after an implementation-dependent
+timeout.
+In this case, the state of the semaphore becomes undefined.
+The semaphore <strong class="purple">must</strong> be destroyed or have its state replaced by an import
+operation to again meet valid usage requirements.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="synchronization-semaphores-importing">6.4.4. Importing Semaphore State</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Applications <strong class="purple">may</strong> import semaphore state into an existing semaphore using an
+external semaphore handle.
+Doing so releases any existing state as if <a href="#vkDestroySemaphore">vkDestroySemaphore</a> had been
+called on the target semaphore.
+As such, similar usage restrictions to those applied to
+<code>vkDestroySemaphore</code> are applied to any command that imports semaphore
+state.
+The effects of the import operation will be either temporary or permanent,
+depending on the type of handle used to perform the import.
+If the import is temporary, the implementation <strong class="purple">must</strong> restore the semaphore
+to its prior permanent state when executing the next semaphore signal
+operation.
+If the import is permanent, the signaled status of all semaphores sharing
+the same semaphore state <strong class="purple">must</strong> be equivalent.
+Semaphore signaling and waiting operations performed on any semaphore in the
+set of semaphores sharing semaphore state <strong class="purple">must</strong> behave the same as if the
+set were a single semaphore.
+Passing a semaphore to <a href="#vkAcquireNextImageKHR">vkAcquireNextImageKHR</a> is equivalent to
+temporarily importing semaphore state to that semaphore.
+When a semaphore is using imported state, its
+<a href="#VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX">VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHX</a>::<code>handleTypes</code> value is that
+specified when creating the semaphore from which the state was exported,
+rather than that specified when creating the semaphore.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Because the exportable handle types of an imported semaphore correspond to
+its current imported state, and <a href="#vkAcquireNextImageKHR">vkAcquireNextImageKHR</a> behaves the same
+as a temporary import operation for which the source semaphore is opaque to
+the application, applications have no way of determining whether any
+external handle types <strong class="purple">can</strong> be exported from a semaphore in this state.
+Therefore, applications <strong class="purple">must</strong> not attempt to export external handles from
+semaphores using temporarily imported state from
+<a href="#vkAcquireNextImageKHR">vkAcquireNextImageKHR</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When importing semaphore state, it is the responsibility of the application
+to ensure the external handles meet all valid usage requirements.
+However, implementations must perform sufficient validation of external
+handles to ensure that the operation results in valid semaphore state which
+will not cause program termination, device loss, queue stalls, or corruption
+of other resources when used as allowed according to its import parameters,
+and excepting those side effects allowed for violations of the
+<a href="#synchronization-semaphores-waiting-state">valid semaphore state for wait
+operations</a> rules.
+If the external handle provided does not meet these requirements, the
+implementation <strong class="purple">must</strong> fail the semaphore state import operation with the
+error code VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE_KHX.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To import semaphore state from a Windows handle, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleKHX(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX*  pImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfo);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that created the semaphore.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfo</code> points to a
+<a href="#VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX">VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX</a> structure specifying the
+semaphore and import parameters.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Importing semaphore state from Windows handles does not transfer ownership
+of the handle to the Vulkan implementation.
+For handle types defined as NT handles, the application <strong class="purple">must</strong> release
+ownership using the <code>CloseHandle</code> system call when the handle is no
+longer needed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX {
+    VkStructureType                          sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                              pNext;
+    VkSemaphore                              semaphore;
+    VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagsKHX    handleType;
+    HANDLE                                   handle;
+} VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> is the semaphore into which the state will be imported.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> specifies the type of <code>handle</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handle</code> is the external handle to import.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The handle types supported by <code>handleType</code> are:</p>
+</div>
+<table id="synchronization-handletypes-win32" class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 80%;">
+<caption class="title">Table 6. Handle Type Permanence for VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX</caption>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Handle Type</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Permanence</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT_KHX</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Permanent</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_KMT_BIT_KHX</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Permanent</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_D3D12_FENCE_BIT_KHX</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Permanent</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a value included in the
+<a href="#synchronization-handletypes-win32">Handle Type Permanence for
+VkImportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHX</a> table.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The semaphore from which <code>handleType</code> was exported <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been
+created on the same underlying physical device as <code>semaphore</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMPORT_SEMAPHORE_WIN32_HANDLE_INFO_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkSemaphore</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid combination of <a href="#VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX">VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX</a> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To import semaphore state from a POSIX file descriptor, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkImportSemaphoreFdKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkImportSemaphoreFdKHX(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX*           pImportSemaphoreFdInfo);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that created the semaphore.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pImportSemaphoreFdInfo</code> points to a
+<a href="#VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX">VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX</a> structure specifying the semaphore and
+import parameters.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Importing semaphore state from a file descriptor transfers ownership of the
+file descriptor from the application to the Vulkan implementation.
+The application <strong class="purple">must</strong> not perform any operations on the file descriptor
+after a successful import.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be associated with any queue command that has
+not yet completed execution on that queue</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pImportSemaphoreFdInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX {
+    VkStructureType                             sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*                                 pNext;
+    VkSemaphore                                 semaphore;
+    VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX    handleType;
+    <span class="predefined-type">int</span>                                         fd;
+} VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> is the semaphore into which the state will be imported.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> specifies the type of <code>fd</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>fd</code> is the external handle to import.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The handle types supported by <code>handleType</code> are:</p>
+</div>
+<table id="synchronization-handletypes-fd" class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 80%;">
+<caption class="title">Table 7. Handle Type Permanence for VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX</caption>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Handle Type</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Permanence</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHX</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Permanent</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_FENCE_FD_BIT_KHX</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Temporary</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a value included in the
+<a href="#synchronization-handletypes-fd">Handle Type Permanence for
+VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHX</a> table.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The semaphore from which <code>handleType</code> was exported <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been
+created on the same underlying physical device as <code>semaphore</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMPORT_SEMAPHORE_FD_INFO_KHX</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>semaphore</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkSemaphore</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>handleType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <a href="#VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX">VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHX</a> value</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="synchronization-events">6.5. Events</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Events are a synchronization primitive that <strong class="purple">can</strong> be used to insert a
+fine-grained dependency between commands submitted to the same queue, or
+between the host and a queue.
+Events have two states - signaled and unsignaled.
+An application <strong class="purple">can</strong> signal an event, or unsignal it, on either the host or
+the device.
+A device <strong class="purple">can</strong> wait for an event to become signaled before executing further
+operations.
+No command exists to wait for an event to become signaled on the host, but
+the current state of an event <strong class="purple">can</strong> be queried.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Events are represented by <code>VkEvent</code> handles:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkEvent" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VK_DEFINE_NON_DISPATCHABLE_HANDLE(VkEvent)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To create an event, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkCreateEvent" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkCreateEvent(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkEventCreateInfo*                    pCreateInfo,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
+    VkEvent*                                    pEvent);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that creates the event.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> is a pointer to an instance of the
+<code>VkEventCreateInfo</code> structure which contains information about how
+the event is to be created.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pEvent</code> points to a handle in which the resulting event object is
+returned.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When created, the event object is in the unsignaled state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pCreateInfo</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkEventCreateInfo</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pEvent</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a <code>VkEvent</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>VkEventCreateInfo</code> structure is defined as:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="VkEventCreateInfo" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> VkEventCreateInfo {
+    VkStructureType       sType;
+    <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="directive">void</span>*           pNext;
+    VkEventCreateFlags    flags;
+} VkEventCreateInfo;</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> is the type of this structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> is <code>NULL</code> or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> is reserved for future use.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>sType</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EVENT_CREATE_INFO</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pNext</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>flags</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To destroy an event, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkDestroyEvent" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkDestroyEvent(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkEvent                                     event,
+    <span class="directive">const</span> VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that destroys the event.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> is the handle of the event to destroy.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>pAllocator</code> controls host memory allocation as described in the
+<a href="#memory-allocation">Memory Allocation</a> chapter.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>All submitted commands that refer to <code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have completed
+execution</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>event</code> was
+created, a compatible set of callbacks <strong class="purple">must</strong> be provided here</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If no <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> were provided when <code>event</code> was
+created, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be <code>NULL</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>event</code> is not <a href="#VK_NULL_HANDLE">VK_NULL_HANDLE</a>, <code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkEvent</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>pAllocator</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, <code>pAllocator</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a pointer to a valid <code>VkAllocationCallbacks</code> structure</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If <code>event</code> is a valid handle, it <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To query the state of an event from the host, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkGetEventStatus" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkGetEventStatus(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkEvent                                     event);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the event.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> is the handle of the event to query.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Upon success, <code>vkGetEventStatus</code> returns the state of the event object
+with the following return codes:</p>
+</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 80%;">
+<caption class="title">Table 8. Event Object Status Codes</caption>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Status</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_EVENT_SET</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The event specified by <code>event</code> is signaled.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>VK_EVENT_RESET</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The event specified by <code>event</code> is unsignaled.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If a <code>vkCmdSetEvent</code> or <code>vkCmdResetEvent</code> command is pending
+execution, then the value returned by this command <strong class="purple">may</strong> immediately be out
+of date.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The state of an event <strong class="purple">can</strong> be updated by the host.
+The state of the event is immediately changed, and subsequent calls to
+<code>vkGetEventStatus</code> will return the new state.
+If an event is already in the requested state, then updating it to the same
+state has no effect.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkEvent</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_EVENT_SET</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_EVENT_RESET</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-events-signaling-host" class="paragraph">
+<p>To set the state of an event to signaled from the host, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkSetEvent" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkSetEvent(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkEvent                                     event);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the event.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> is the event to set.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When <a href="#vkSetEvent">vkSetEvent</a> is executed on the host, it defines an <em>event signal
+operation</em> which sets the event to the signaled state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>event</code> is already in the signaled state when <a href="#vkSetEvent">vkSetEvent</a> is
+executed, then <a href="#vkSetEvent">vkSetEvent</a> has no effect, and no event signal operation
+occurs.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkEvent</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-events-unsignaling-host" class="paragraph">
+<p>To set the state of an event to unsignaled from the host, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkResetEvent" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++">VkResult vkResetEvent(
+    VkDevice                                    device,
+    VkEvent                                     event);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> is the logical device that owns the event.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> is the event to reset.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When <a href="#vkResetEvent">vkResetEvent</a> is executed on the host, it defines an <em>event
+unsignal operation</em> which resets the event to the unsignaled state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>event</code> is already in the unsignaled state when <a href="#vkResetEvent">vkResetEvent</a> is
+executed, then <a href="#vkResetEvent">vkResetEvent</a> has no effect, and no event unsignal
+operation occurs.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be waited on by a <code>vkCmdWaitEvents</code> command
+that is currently executing</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>device</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkDevice</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkEvent</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from <code>device</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Host access to <code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be externally synchronized</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Return Codes</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-successcodes">Success</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_SUCCESS</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="#fundamentals-errorcodes">Failure</a></dt>
+<dd>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The state of an event <strong class="purple">can</strong> also be updated on the device by commands
+inserted in command buffers.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="synchronization-events-signaling-device" class="paragraph">
+<p>To set the state of an event to signaled from a device, call:</p>
+</div>
+<div id="vkCmdSetEvent" class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c++"><span class="directive">void</span> vkCmdSetEvent(
+    VkCommandBuffer                             commandBuffer,
+    VkEvent                                     event,
+    VkPipelineStageFlags                        stageMask);</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> is the command buffer into which the command is
+recorded.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> is the event that will be signaled.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>stageMask</code> specifies the <a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages">source
+stage mask</a> used to determine when the <code>event</code> is signaled.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When <a href="#vkCmdSetEvent">vkCmdSetEvent</a> is submitted to a queue, it defines an execution
+dependency on commands that were submitted before it, and defines an event
+signal operation which sets the event to the signaled state.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The first <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a>
+includes every command previously submitted to the same queue, including
+those in the same command buffer and batch.
+The synchronization scope is limited to operations on the pipeline stages
+determined by the <a href="#synchronization-pipeline-stages-masks">source stage
+mask</a> specified by <code>stageMask</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The second <a href="#synchronization-dependencies-scopes">synchronization scope</a>
+includes only the event signal operation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If <code>event</code> is already in the signaled state when <a href="#vkCmdSetEvent">vkCmdSetEvent</a> is
+executed on the device, then <a href="#vkCmdSetEvent">vkCmdSetEvent</a> has no effect, no event
+signal operation occurs, and no execution dependency is generated.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>stageMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not include <code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the <a href="#features-features-geometryShader">geometry shaders</a> feature is
+not enabled, <code>stageMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not contain
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If the <a href="#features-features-tessellationShader">tessellation shaders</a>
+feature is not enabled, <code>stageMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not contain
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT</code> or
+<code>VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code>&#8217;s current device mask <strong class="purple">must</strong> include exactly one
+physical device.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Valid Usage (Implicit)</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkCommandBuffer</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid <code>VkEvent</code> handle</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>stageMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be a valid combination of <a href="#VkPipelineStageFlagBits">VkPipelineStageFlagBits</a> values</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>stageMask</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> not be <code>0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>commandBuffer</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> be in the recording state</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>VkCommandPool</code> that <code>commandBuffer</code> was allocated from <strong class="purple">must</strong> support graphics, or compute operations</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>This command <strong class="purple">must</strong> only be called outside of a render pass instance</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both of <code>commandBuffer</code>, and <code>event</code> <strong class="purple">must</strong> have been created, allocated, or retrieved from the same <code>VkDevice</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Host Synchronization</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
author	Chad Versace <chadversary@chromium.org>	2017-03-06 11:12:41 -0800
committer	Chad Versace <chadversary@chromium.org>	2017-03-06 11:21:23 -0800
commit	7b3444054145da63a6471d72509538d27d9b0734 (patch)
tree	044ad764d2b87539f6ff2e3a89c2f3072f5fa1ab
parent	b4609e747bd46a70b9714992f898b4f1c3a306ea (diff)
download	vulkan-spec-7b3444054145da63a6471d72509538d27d9b0734.zip vulkan-spec-7b3444054145da63a6471d72509538d27d9b0734.tar.xz